社会转型加快时期西部民族地区生态环境问题治理探析

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区经济社会的发展取得了巨大变化,但是由于西部民族地区自然环境条件恶劣,加之人口增长过快和自然资源的过度开发,该地区的生态环境问题凸出.探讨西部民族地区生态环境问题治理,对于协调西部民族地区经济社会发展,保障我国生态环境安全具有重要的意义.文章立足于西部民族地区经济社会发展现实,通过对生态环境问题进行分析,明确了问题产生的原因,并提出了适合西部民族地区生态环境问题治理的对策.     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

我国西部地区生态环境建设问题的制约因素及对策

中国西部地区生态环境建设问题是目前学术界研究的热点问题之一。文章在深入分析了影响西部地区生态环境建设的主要因素的基础上,突出强调了西部民族地区生态环境在我国经济发展中的战略地位,提出了西部生态环境建设与可持续发展的对策,最后指出西部地区实施生态环境建设的目标。     

乡村振兴与民族地区高质量发展

新时代社会主要矛盾表现为人民日益增长的美好生活需求和不平衡不充分发展之间的矛盾,西部民族地区乡村高质量发展成为一种必然选择。在扶贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的关键历史节点,积极探索西部民族地区乡村高质量发展有效路径和政策需求,具有非常特殊的意义。从产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕五个方面入手,结合西部民族地区发展实际,需要优化要素源配置、创新推动与完善产业支撑体系,实现产业兴旺;生态环境修复与绿色发展相融合,实现生态宜居;加强乡村传统文化的传承与创新、提升乡村公共文化服务体系和乡贤文化建设,实现乡风文明;民主自治、基层法治和社会德治融合发展,实现治理有效;提升乡村居民可支配收入,缩小收入差距,实现生活富裕。     

西部大开发中民族地区的生态建设与保护

西部开发战略是一项关乎国家未来发展和各民族繁荣的大战略、大思路。在西部大开发中 ,生态建设和保护具有其独特的意义。生态环境被认为是一种特殊的资产 ,良好的生态环境是实现可持续发展的基础。中国的生态破坏类型之多、范围之广、程度之深 ,在西部民族地区表现得最典型、最强烈 ,深深地影响着人们的生存状况和地区经济社会的发展。困扰西部民族地区的主要生态问题有 :(1)土地沙质荒漠化趋势日益严重。我国沙漠及沙漠化土地主要分布在西部民族地区的宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆、内蒙古等地。仅新疆就有 42万多平方公里沙漠 ,约占全国沙漠总…     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境建设探析

在西部大开发形势下,加强湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境保护工作意义重大。公众环境意识较低、环境问题与贫困等社会问题交叉、人口众多是导致湖南西部民族地区农村生态环境建设的主要因素,由此而产生的一系列环境问题亟待解决。必须坚持从实际出发,实施可持续发展战略,正确处理发展经济保与护环境的关系,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

青海回族教育发展的特点及途径──兼谈回族女子教育

西部民族教育关系着西部地区经济的发展和社会的进步，是西部开发中的重要环节。文章在总结青海回族教育发展特点的基础上，探讨了青海回族教育发展的途径，并对回族妇女教育问题做了初步的分析。     

观点摘要

●《广西民族学院》2004年第2期发表了蒋彬博士《西部民族地区城镇化与全面小康社会建设》一文,文中探讨了我国西部民族地区的城镇化问题。文章首先分析了我国西部民族地区城镇化与小康社会建设的关系及意义:城镇化与小康社会建设都是西部民族地区实现现代化的一个过程;城镇化可以获得集聚经济效应,扩大内需,推动经济快速发展;城镇化是解决“三农”问题的重要途径;城镇化是实现可持续发展的重要手段。推进城镇化战略是全面建设小康社会的重要途径,也是全面建设小康社会的一项重要目标和任务。加速我国西部民族地区的城镇化步伐,加快西部民族…     

青海民族地区不同民族收入分配差距的比较研究

文章运用相应的统计分析方法,对青海不同民族近年来收入分配状况进行实证研究,并使用基尼系数等一系列指标对青海主要民族的收入分配差距进行测度与评价,并分析了收入分配差距扩大的原因及对社会经济的影响,提出缩小青海省民族地区不同民族之间收入分配差距,促进各民族地区社会经济协调发展的对策与建议。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

中国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展初论——来自生态民族学的理论解读

产业经济生态化发展是我国西部民族地区实现可持续发展的重要物质保障和基本经济支撑,在西部民族地区产业经济发展的实践中必须重视发展生态产业。本文以生态民族学理念为指导,分五个部分先后分析了我国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展面临的多重制约,探讨了该区域产业经济生态化发展的战略构想和破解现存约束的制度创新途径,最后总结了几点具有一定普遍意义的重要启示和结论,为我国以科学的发展观为指导,最终实现全社会经济发展和人口、资源、环境相协调的发展战略提供理论依据和政策参考。     

西部民族地区经济发展方式转变测评

加快经济发展方式转变是我国经济社会领域的一场深刻变革,西部民族地区经济发展方式的转变对我国全面建设小康社会和实现区域协调发展具有重要的意义。本文立足于西部民族地区经济社会发展实际和西部民族地区经济发展方式转变的内涵,构建西部民族地区经济发展方式转变测评指标体系,运用指标体系测评西部民族地区"五区三省"经济发展方式转变的程度,最后基于测评结果提出加快西部民族地区经济发展方式转变的路径。     

西部大开发中的市场失灵与政府干预

西部地区发展存在着基础设施建设滞后、商业结构上游化生态条件脆弱、支柱产业的行政垄断、东西部协作信息不对称、东西部差距过大等诸多问题。单靠市场调节的力量,难以打破西部地区经济的结构刚性和体制障碍,需要加强政府干预。然而,加强政府干预并不必然是有效率的选择,只有在市场失灵的领域里,加强政府干预才有助于打破西部地区经济的结构刚性和体制障碍,实现区域经济协调发展的战略目标。     

中国少数民族地区乡域经济发展研究——以凉山彝族自治州冕宁县拖乌乡为例

乡域经济是中国区域经济中的重要微观基础。以凉山彝族自治州冕宁县拖乌乡经济社会发展为例，该地的经济属于农牧混合经济，传统的一家一户分散经营的小农生产方式制约了规模经济的发展。同时，拖乌乡工业基础薄弱，工业化、城镇化刚刚起步，经济落后，农民收入低，构成了拖乌乡发展的一个重大障碍。拖乌乡经济社会发展存在的上述问题与自然禀赋的不足，如位置的边缘性、自然环境的脆弱性和边际性、自然资源的优势不足等密切相关，居民文化水平不高，主要劳动力受教育程度低，语言交流存在障碍等也是重要原因。为此，拖乌乡应争取政策支持，改善基础设施，促进社会事业发展；以特色产业基地建设为突破口，‘促进农牧民增收；抓住雅泸高速公路贯通的机遇，发展彝族风情文化旅游产业；沿108国道线和雅泸高速点轴开发，梯度推进。     

“五个发展”理念与民族地区经济社会全面发展研究

Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development, we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, resolving its challenges, and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation, coordina￣tion, green, openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five de￣velopment” concept, and then evaluates the devel￣opment status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation, it proposes approaches for inno￣vation, coordination, green development, open￣ness, and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development;coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development; green or“green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for people’s pursuit of a good life;openness is the only road for a country’s prosperity and development; and sha￣ring is the basic requirement of socialism with Chi￣nese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products, technology, markets and systems, etc. And, it discovers that the general level of innova￣tion in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China ( Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) is low, and that the development of innovation is unbal￣anced. Compared with the national average, devel￣opment in these areas lags far behind. For the pur￣pose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas, and chasing after the level of de￣veloped areas, the input in innovation must be in￣creased, and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an im￣portant driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good educa￣tion, good infrastructure should be built, and good innovation environmental programs should be crea￣ted with the investment of the government.
Realization of harmonious regional develop￣ment is the basic purpose of China’s regional devel￣opment strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics, the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements, i. e. time, departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive en￣vironment, or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspec￣tive of harmonious regional development, the de￣velopment in the eight ethnic provinces and dis￣tricts is actually imbalanced. In addition, urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of re￣gional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in Chi￣na is not only reflected in income, but is even more reflected in basic public services. The ap￣proaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1 ) be com￣bined with an economic support belt, and impor￣tant lines of communication;2 ) guide the popula￣tion and economic activities to move to important regions for development;and 3 ) take a path of in￣clusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sus￣tainable development. The purpose of green devel￣opment is to get solid growth, and avoid unsustain￣able models. Green development will make the re￣sources efficient, clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires con￣sidering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic develop￣ment. There are three factors in green growth, that it be: efficient, clean and resilient. Green devel￣opment in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking, compared with the national level, both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low; and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and re￣ducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage, and not an economic advan￣tage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich nat￣ural resources into an economic advantage, and u￣sing them to promote the regional economic devel￣opment, one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources, regional conditions of the area, the exploitation cost, the local tech￣niques for transforming natural resources, and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics, and realize the“Three-Wins” in growth, poverty alleviation, and ecolo￣gy. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas, as well as their ecological position in the whole country, we should rapidly develop green ecological industries ( eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, eco -industry ) , and make ecological economics become the important source for increas￣ing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base, the market needs as guidance, the mod￣ern business model as the carrier, and social cap￣ital as the driving force. Moreover, we should make plans for green development , make clear its goals and steps, and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construc￣tion and protection; and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation.
Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas in￣cludes both external and internal openness. Exter￣nal openness is opening up to other countries or districts, and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and dis￣tricts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So, we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program, and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt, and the 21st -century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should im￣plement more actively the strategy of openness, and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally, construct new, open economic systems, expand new, open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west, north, and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups, and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive, fair and benefi￣cial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the rela￣tionship between development and the people, and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people, promoting the people’s development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of de￣velopment. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Pov￣erty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation dur￣ing ‘the 13 th Five-Year Plan’ is to win the battle against poverty, which includes ensuring food, clothing, compulsory education, basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore,“precise poverty alleviation”is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to i￣dentify poverty precisely, and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice, we need to strength￣en the self-development capability of poor popu￣lations; speaking from project choice, we should evaluate whether it is pro -poor or pro -growth;speaking from industrial development, we should consider both the market choice and governmental support;and, speaking from spacial layout, a con￣cept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization.     

建立西部民族文化生态村的构想--以湖北景阳镇为个案研究

湖北景阳是个自然、文化生态资源极其丰富的少数民族社区,由于清江水布垭电站的建设,景阳新镇的移民搬迁,即使景阳口传及非物质文化面临着传承的危机,又是构建西部少数民族地区民族文化生态村、发展旅游业的绝好时机。选择好民族文化生态村建点模式;认清旅游业的发展将带给社区文化的影响;维护文化与生态环境的和谐,可为建立西部民族文化村,谋求西部社会经济的可持续发展提供一个可借鉴的范式。