少数民族地区草原生态文明建设研究

面对我国资源紧缺、环境污染严重、生态系统急剧退化的严峻形势,党的十八大首次提出"大力推进生态文明建设"这一主题,草原生态文明建设关乎我国生态文明建设的全局和全过程。本文阐述了草原生态文明和生态文化的基本内涵,少数民族地区草原生态文明建设的必要性以及重要意义,并针对建设草原生态文明,促进人与自然和谐共生列举出具体的实施细则,以期为我国其他领域的生态文明建设提供重要的启示和指导。     

《呼伦贝尔大草原》出版

位于中国东北部大兴安岭、中俄蒙三国交界处的呼伦贝尔广袤草原堪称世界上最美的草原。它不仅面积大（25万平方公里），而且非常“立体”——高山、湖泊、河流、草地、丘陵等齐聚在此；同时还是一个巨大的动植物基因宝库——数以万计的物种在此生息延续；这里更是丰富的人文历史博物馆——多民族繁衍聚集，是游牧文明的发祥地之一，狩猎文化的根祖地之一，农耕文明与游牧文明的交汇地，是感受人类历史的时空隧道……总之，呼伦贝尔大草原是领略自然和文明的最佳去处。     

44顶帐篷 传奇蒙古大营带你体验草原的浪漫

蒙古大营,是一种文化以餐饮的方式诠释蒙古族博大的文明,让人充满无尽的遐想与期待。蒙古大营,是一种穿越从草原戈壁到现代都市,从游牧大漠到世界舞台,草原文明今朝撼动全球。蒙古大营,不仅仅是一个餐饮品牌,更是一个光茉的草原文化传承者,小中见大,举重若轻,诠释和弘扬着灿烂而辉煌的蒙古文化。炒米、奶茶、嫩香羊肉,琴声、歌声、声声悦耳,品蒙古大餐、游天堂草原,听马头琴声、饮醇香奶酒、赏醉人牧歌……这里是歌的海洋、舞的故乡、亲朋好友们团圆欢聚的好地方,带你体验马背民族的传奇生活。     

草原政权的"正统观念"与历史记忆——以北族记忆中的匈奴为例

本文从草原政权是否有类似中国定居社会的正统观念这一问题出发,进而探索草原政权对于之前政治体的历史记忆问题.以匈奴为个案所作的分析,证明草原政权也有丰富的历史记忆,只是构建合法性所依赖的历史记忆与华夏文明非常不同.由此进一步对草原政权合法性建构的特殊模式做一点探索.     

草原生态保护补助奖励政策的实施现状、反思与对策——以内蒙古达茂旗草原为例

草原是我国生态环境的重要组成部分，是建设生态文明的关键环节和重点领域之一。我国政府为保护和恢复草原生态，分别于2011—2016年、2016—2020年在全国主要草原省区(内蒙古、新疆、青海、西藏、四川等)向维护当地草原生态环境的牧民予以生态补助奖励金。新形势下，草原生态保护补奖政策如何在现有实施成效基础上达到保护草原生态与维护牧民生产生活相平衡是本文研究的目的。本文以达茂旗草原为例，总结前两轮政策的实施成效，深度挖掘前两轮政策实施背后政府层面和牧民层面所遇到的问题并提出改进措施，以期为第三轮政策的实施提出可供参考的意见。     

蒙古族传统环保习俗与生态意识

蒙古族传统环保习俗与生态意识是从其宗教信仰、法律制度、生产生活方式等多方面体现出来的 ,具有独特的地域色彩和民族特色 ,是蒙古游牧文明的重要内容 ,对调适北方草原牧区人与自然关系、保护草原生态环境发挥过积极的作用 ,对今天西部地区的环境保护和可持续发展也具有一定的借鉴价值。     

大、小凌河流域的古代文明与历史文化

大、小凌河流域,是东北区域文明、幽燕文明、草原游牧文明以及海岱文明的重要交汇地区.所分布的各类历史与文化遗迹十分丰富.从距今1万年开始直到明清时期.其历史文化遗存从来没有断裂过.新石器时代遗址,在这一地区不断被发现.尤其是先商文化的起源与孤竹国文化,均与大、小凌河流域有着密切的关系.先秦以来,中国历史上北方民族的形成和一系列重大历史变迁也都与大、小凌河流域息息相关.     

内蒙古大草原拥抱网络文明

新世纪的曙光，在祖国北疆的大草原上闪耀；伴之而来的，一种属于新世纪的文明──信息文明，也被草原独有的广阔胸怀拥抱着。从空间位移到数字位移 回顾蒙古民族发展的历史，人们对这个“马背民族”感慨万千。 人们很容易发现，无论是马还是汽车、飞机，都给草原人民带来了极大的实惠，它们都以空间位移为特征。但是在今天，以数字网络为特征的信息技术，悄然走进了草原。数字网络的位移扩大正使由以汽车、飞机为代表的空间位移的比重减少。 世界四大草原之一的内蒙古锡林郭勒草原，有一位名叫闵建军的农民，需要脱毒马铃薯“克星一号”，…     

马背上的断翅候鸟 哈萨克

天山脚下游牧的灵魂,纵横草原千年的哈萨克。在传统与现代交锋的今天,那游牧的翅膀是否依然坚强有力?也许游牧文明在旁观者的眼里不过是一种相当原始的生活方式和习惯。但是,在亚欧大陆上,正是这样的游牧文明与农耕文明抗衡达3000年之久,谱写了这一地区民族的几乎整个历史。在这种游牧文明濒临消亡的今天,我们对于它内涵的认识和了解还远不能与它所具有的丰富程度成正比。     

羌塘草原上的帐篷寺庙——柏尔贡巴

高原有高原人的独特生活方式,草原有草原上的特殊文化载体。我们来到藏北高原,在那一望无际的草原上,到处都是牧民赖以生存的牦牛和羊群。而牧民的栖息之所,则是各种各样的帐篷。草原是他们的环宇,帐篷就是他们的天堂。他们在帐篷里产生高原文明,也在帐篷里创造草原文化。他们的草原文化当然也包含他们的信仰:原始的崇拜,苯教的信奉,最终还是顶礼在佛菩萨的脚下。佛从恒河平原向它所能传到的地方传     

索多巴·洛追坚赞撰写《回遮蒙古之历史》意图

《回遮蒙古之历史》是西藏佛教宁玛派高僧索多巴·洛追坚赞撰写的兼具历史与自传双重性质的一部著作,也是研究16世纪末17世纪初蒙藏关系的一部重要文献。索多巴在文章“缘起”部分交代其写作意图为给宁玛派争光、激励后辈“回遮蒙古”人士、从而利益佛法等。通读《回遮蒙古之历史》,进行认真分析之后发现索多巴撰写《回遮蒙古之历史》的真正意图是,讴歌自己的“光辉事迹”即给自己写“圣传”、使自己的咒术合理化、为自己做辩护等。     

从局部贫困到全面小康--民族地区小康建设的思考

文章认为我国民族地区面临着严峻的局部贫困现实,摆脱贫困、实现总体小康是摆在我们面前的艰巨任务.因此,民族地区在进行全面小康社会建设过程中,必须做到尽快解决温饱问题;防止因灾返贫、因病返贫;物质文明、精神文明、政治文明、生态文明一起抓.     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

解放战争时期人民军队中的朝鲜族官兵及其伟绩

中国朝鲜族具有光荣的革命传统,他们与兄弟民族一道共同开发了东北边疆,共同抗击了日本侵略者,并为全中国的解放做出了重要贡献。其中,解放战争时期,人民军队内的朝鲜族官兵不怕流血牺牲,英勇善战,建立卓越战功,为中国朝鲜族光荣的革命史册里留下了一笔重重的笔墨。     

“黄胄光荣”的回回国际战士马毓宝

回回军人马毓宝是一战时第一个牺牲异域、为国争光的国际战士。孙中山为其亲题＂黄胄光荣＂挽联。本文广征史料,从三个方面记述了马毓宝的光荣业迹。     

论司马迁对历史档案学的贡献

司马迁学术成功之路与伟大人格，在历史文献编纂方面的首创精神和在文献编纂指导思想方面坚持朴素唯物论与辩证法，堪为档案工作者的光辉典范。     

机遇与适应:青海生态移民生存与原居地草场关系

生态移民作为解决我国生态环境问题的重要措施从上个世纪九十年代就已被政府作为西部大开发的重要内容。2003年,作为全国四个重点区域之一的青海省开始在牧区实施退牧还草工程,退牧还草工程的生态移民先后在2004年下半年搬迁到第一批试点的四个集中安置地。2005年开始,国家又在青海省境内的长江、黄河、澜沧江三江源头的汇水区即“三江源区”实施“三江源地区生态建设与保护工程”,该工程涉及青海省4州16县l镇,行政区划包括青海省的玉树、果洛两个藏族自治州全境,海南藏族自治州的兴海、同德两县,黄南藏族自治州的河南、泽库两县以及格尔木市的唐古拉山镇。三江源生态建设与保护工程的重要措施之一也是进行生态移民。与退牧还草工程一样,三江源工程生态移民采取两种安置方式,一种是集中安置,由国家按照一定标准统一建成移民安置房,采取国家补贴、牧民部分购买的方式安置;另一种是自主安置,国家把补贴直接发放给牧民,由牧民自己选择投亲靠友或者自行建房的形式搬离牧场。青海先后在乡镇或县城附近建成了80多个集中安置点,安置5万多移出草场的牧民。按照生态移民政策,这些牧民处理掉牲畜,移出草场,上交10年的草场承包使用权,在聚居点度过10年过渡期。期间,享受国家按照每户每年6000元（拥有草场承包证的牧户）或3000元（没有草场承包证的牧户或新立户）的饲料粮补助（从2008年起,为了解决生态移民的冬季取暖问题,国家另外对每户补助1000元取暖费）。同时,通过培训、劳务输出等方式,引导移民发展后续产业,解决过度期间的生存问题。     

波斯伊斯兰文明对中国伊斯兰文明的贡献及其深远影响

波斯伊斯兰文明和阿拉伯伊斯兰文明一样,与中国伊斯兰文明的历史有着千丝万缕的关系。时至今日主要信奉逊尼派的中国穆斯林社会中,仍然可以发现许多伊朗什叶派的痕迹。波斯籍的传教士、波斯语的伊斯兰宗教经籍,对于中国穆斯林恪守宗教信仰、保存民族文化,起到了相当重要的作用。以波斯—阿拉伯伊斯兰文明为内核的中国伊斯兰文明,对中国穆斯林的未来发展走向,必将继续起着深远的影响。     

贯市李及贯市清真寺考略

北京昌平西贯市村回族李姓,明初自南京迁居于此,贯市清真寺建寺已510年。本文考述了贯市李姓的来源以及西贯市清真寺的沿革,并详细记述了清真寺见证的两件大事:清末“慈禧西狩”与1989年外宾来访。     

洪秀全禁烟主张与太平天国的禁烟立法

太平天国革命时期，厉行禁烟立法对内反对吸食、贩卖、种植鸦片，改革社会陋习，对外反对外国资本主义的鸦片走私。由于禁烟立法的颁布和实施，在太平天国控制区内，鸦片一度几乎禁绝，在中国近代禁烟史上留下了光辉的一页。