从法律到法治的民族事务治理——以《民族区域自治法》为核心的探讨

民族区域自治法是实施宪法关于民族区域自治制度的基本法律,是民族自治地方实行自治的基本法律依据。民族区域自治法实施三十年推动了民族地区各方面事业的发展,在实施过程中也暴露出一些问题,要以与时俱进的态度和开拓创新的精神来完善和发展民族区域自治,深入贯彻落实民族区域自治法,推进我国民族事务治理体系和治理能力的法治化、现代化。     

中国民族区域自治的城市制度安排与制度创新

民族区域自治既包括农村区域自治 ,也包括城市区域自治。在城市化浪潮下 ,我国的民族区域自治正从以农村区域自治为主转向扩大城市区域自治的新阶段。城市化暴露了原以农村区域自治为主的民族区域自治制度的一些欠缺 ,即在城市区域自治的单位上 ,它仅有与自治区、自治州相适应的市 ,缺少与省、自治区、自治州相适应的自治市 ,不能满足中小民族、小聚居民族的城市区域自治的要求。在行政区划单位体系中增设自治市 ,是消解城市化与民族区域自治的矛盾与冲突的可行办法     

加强自治条例修改工作的必要性与对策研究

自治条例是民族自治地方贯彻实施民族区域自治法,妥善处理自治地方内部的民族关系、维护民族平等的重要保障。但是,由于立法工作者能力不足、立法理论缺失和法律规定不明确等因素的制约,导致自治条例存在对不能变通的法律规定做出变通,违背法律平等要求对法律规定进行细化,超越法定权限为上级国家机关设定义务,脱离实际需要简单复制上位法规定等违背宪法及其相关法要求的问题。为此,应从加强立法队伍建设和立法理论研究,对?宪法?和?民族区域自治法?的有关规定进行必要的解释和修改等几个方面,推动自治地方人大有效开展自治条例修改和完善工作。     

论自治机关行使自治权的保障

<正> 自治机关的自治权是实行民族区域自治的核心问题。自治机关要全面有效地行使自治权,就要有充分的保障。应当肯定,自治机关行使自治权已有一定的保障。一是宪法和民族区域自治法以及其他法律规定的自治机关的自治权以国家的强制力保证实施。宪法规定,民族自治地方的自治机关行使宪法规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方的实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律和政策。民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治机关有权管理地方财政;凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收     

论民族自治法规对法律、行政法规的变通

民族自治法规的本质是对法律、行政法规的变通;自治法规变通法律、行政法规有特定范围,宪法、民族区域自治法、立法法、其他法律、行政法规就民族自治地方所作的规定、只能以法律形式规定的事项不在变通范围之内;自治法规变通法律、行政法规的程度亦应限制,包括目的性限制、原则性限制和不损害国家法制统一性限制等.     

关于自治区制定的自治法规的法律地位问题

关于自治区制定的自治法规的法律地位问题王培英正确厘定民族自治地方制定的自治法规（自治条例和单行条例）在国家法律体系中的地位，明确其法律效力等级和范围，是民族自治地方的立法工作得以顺利进行的必要前提。本文主要试就目前存在较大争议的关于自治区制定的自治法...     

立法法对促进民族自治地方法制建设的作用

在我国宪法和民族区域自治法中规定了民族自冶地方人民代表大会根据法律规定，依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的待点，制定自治条例和单行条例；根据法律规定和授权．自治地方权力机关可结合实际变通上级国家机关的决议、决定、命令和指示。对于法律中不适合自治地方实际的规定，制定变通规定或补充规定。由于立法的不足，造成实际上无法操作和无法可依。特别是在民族自治地方对法律法规的变通权限、自治法规的批准生效、公布、备案和审查撤销等方面问题突出。立法法的须布实施对上述等问题进行了明确的规范，这对促进民族自治地方的法制建设将起到巨大的推动作用。     

论自治条例和单行条例的法律地位问题

制定自治条例和单行条例 (自治法规 )是民族区域自治地方自治机关的一项自治权。自治法规的效力等级高于一般地方性法规而具有法律性质 ,但其适用范围仅限于本民族区域自治地方。上级国家机关要尊重和保障民族区域自治地方自治机关的自治权 ,但自治法规不能规定和约束上级国家机关。制定机关和批准机关对于自治法规都享有“半个立法权”的说法 ,实际上是把报请批准自治法规视同提请审议自治法规案 ,把自治机关享有的自治法规制定权等同为拟定权。自治州、自治县的自治法规报请省级人大常委会批准后生效的规定 ,是一项宪法原则 ,这是我国民族区域自治地方立法体制的一大特点。在自治法规的效力等级和适用范围问题上的分歧 ,源于如何正确认识民族区域自治制度     

加强民族地方立法工作初探——以湘西土家族苗族自治州为例

<正>民族立法是少数民族地区法律规范的制定、修改、废止的立法活动,是国家立法体制的重要组成部分。民族立法也是《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》赋予民族自治地方立法机关的一项重     

论地方民族立法

文章认为宪法和民族区域自治法明确规定民族自治地方有立法权。地方民族立法的核心是保证民族自治权的行使，使之成为促进经济社会全面发展、完善区域自治制度的有效途径和法律保障。文章分析了这方面存在的问题，并提出了解决对策。     

西南边疆少数民族地区城市化进程中的消费结构

中国城市化初期拟定的城乡分离与重工业优先两个基本原则,对中国城市化建设产生了持续的影响力。在西南边疆少数民族地区城市化进程中,居民消费结构呈现东西与城乡差异区域性特征。文章认为城市化的终极意义在于城乡一体化,全面提升居民的生活质量,从而实现人的全面发展。     

城市化进程中民族问题的研究现状

本文依据文献资料对国内学者的研究进行归纳和总结,以期对我国城市化进程中民族问题的研究现状有更加全面的认识。文章既分析了城市化进程中民族问题研究的重点领域,同时也总结了当前学术界研究的着力点与关注点,并归纳了解决思路和操作步骤,最后探讨了城市化进程中民族问题研究的发展趋向。     

中国西部民族自治地方城镇化的形成与发展模式探讨--对甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县的调查与思考

本文通过对甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县的实地调研,对阿克塞县城镇化发展战略实施的背景、经济社会发展的水平、社会影响力等方面进行了详细研究和分析,提出了民族自治地方的城镇化发展模式及对策思路.     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

“一主二辅”：民族地区公共服务多元化供给的基本模式

本文首先归纳了公共服务供给中市场失灵、政府失灵和第三部门失灵的表现形式,指出公共服务供给应实现主体多元化。在分析了民族地区公共服务供给的现实状况后,提出民族地区公共服务多元化供给的基本模式：以政府部门为主导,私营部门和第三部门为辅助,最后对民族地区各级政府实施这一模式提出政策建议。     

新世纪初我国民族法制建设的新成果--论《民族区域自治法》的修改

本文阐述了<民族区域自治法>修改的原因、原则、程序、特点和意义.文章指出,此次<民族区域自治法>的修改,以加快民族自治地方发展为主要内容,适应了西部大开发的战略需要;同时,对于完善民族法制建设、推动依法治国进程也具有重要意义.     

西部民族地区全面建设小康社会应注意处理的若干问题

本文从历史和现实两个方面分析了我国西部民族地区的基本情况,认为正确认识和把握这一基本情况是民族地区全面建设小康社会的立足点,并指出民族地区全面建设小康社会的关键是处理好与民族有关的若干问题,即东部与西部的关系;民族自治地方与中央及非自治地方的关系;少数民族与汉族的关系;杂散居民族与聚居民族的关系;传统文化与现代经济的关系。文章最后提出了战略机遇期民族地区全面建设小康社会的根本途径是全面贯彻落实党的民族政策,促进各民族共同繁荣进步。     

南方喀斯特山地及高寒山区生态移民问题略论

本文简述了20世纪末期中国南方喀斯特山地及高寒山区的生态变迁历史、原因和生态移民的过程,探讨了各类移民模式的利弊得失,认为生态移民是解决南方喀斯特山地和高寒山区贫困人口生存问题的有效方法,农业型的近距离迁移,潜在着新的生态危机。生态移民需要走城市化的道路,应考虑从西部向东部经济发达地区移民,使西部地区的生态得到恢复。     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展