清代岑巩契约文书的法文化内涵与价值

传统社会讲究以和为贵，对于民间细故的纠纷处理往往交于民间社会力量进行自我解决。与此伴随而生的是，契约在民间社会活动中大量地被使用，形成独特的契约文化。作为清代贵州民间纠纷解决机制的一种重要载体，岑巩契约文书本身所具有的文化内涵以及社会价值理念为现代提供了重要参考和借鉴。     

锦屏林业契约、文书研究中的几个问题

贵州省锦屏一带,苗、侗民族在清朝时期签订了大量的山地买卖、租佃契约,现存部分成为研究中国经济史和法制史的重要要资料,但仅仅从契约,甚至是部分契约的内容来准确揭示锦屏林区家族林业管理方式和在林业经济的背景下国家法与民族习惯法的互动问题是不够的,还必须利用诉讼文书、官府告示及口承资料与其进行互证.文章就一些学者在锦屏林业契约研究中提出的林区家族私有制、林业纠纷的民间处理等观点提出了质疑.     

日本学术界苗族山林契约文书研究文献评析

苗族山林契约文书是苗族文化遗产的重要组成部分,近半个多世纪以来已引起中外学术界的高度关注。本文对日本学术界在近三十年来研究苗族山林契约文书而形成的学术论著文献,从四个方面进行学术文献学的评析,归纳了苗族山林契约文书研究中的日文学术文献所具的特点,分析了其不足之处,以利于国内研究者全面把握学科研究动态,开拓研究视野。     

清代黔东南文斗侗、苗林业契约研究

黔东南侗、苗居住区是中国有名的林区 ,从清初开始 ,其森林就以人工育林为主 ,当地育林的有关利益关系主要依靠林业契约调整。本文对该地有名的林产区文斗的林业契约进行了分析归类 ,将其分为卖契、佃契、分合同、处理山地林木纠纷契等四类 ,认为锦屏人工林业的发展得益于上述契约有效地保护了人工育林者的产权 ,较好地调整和规范了各方的利益分配关系。     

清代开辟苗疆后清水江流域纠纷解决机制变迁研究

清代中期改土归流、开辟苗疆,对清水江流域苗族、侗族等少数民族的纠纷解决机制带来了一定程度的影响,本文探讨了这一纠纷解决机制变迁的诱因及其具体表现.     

社会契约与国家法律在现代乡村社会中的实践方式——对广西三江侗族自治县多元化纠纷解决机制的考察

作者对三江侗族民间多元化纠纷解决机制的运行状况以及以村规民约为代表的社会契约、村委会及老人协会调处为代表的社会救济方式的地位和作用进行了考察,论述了纠纷解决机制是一个包括程序和实体法实践在内的动态体系;揭示社会自治力在国家现阶段不被重视,纠纷解决机制的多元化选择空间较小的社会现实;倡导重视社会契约和社会救济以激励社会自治.     

黔东南苗族婚姻习惯法及其社会价值

苗族婚姻习惯法可分为实体习惯法和程序习惯法两大部分。前者包括有关婚姻缔结的规定,后者则主要涉及嫁娶的运作方式和婚姻纠纷的解决机制。本文通过对黔东南苗族婚姻制度的研究,讨论习惯法存在的价值合理性,并思考习惯法在与国家法的二元互动过程中的现代意义。本文还就法的本土资源与法制现代化的结合做了一些探讨。     

侗族习惯法在解决林权纠纷中功能及路径选择——以广西三江侗族自治县林权改革为例

侗族地区林权纠纷是指发生在侗族地区的公民与公民之间,公民与法人和其他社会组织之间涉及林业民事权利义务争议的各种纠纷。这些纠纷具有普遍性、多发性、广泛性,情节复杂,法律后果严重等特点。侗族地区林权纠纷发生的原因有许多,其中一个重要的原因是林权改革导致的利益冲突,要解决这些纠纷和矛盾,除了要适用国家法之外,还必须利用侗族习惯法。侗族习惯法在解决林权纠纷中仍起到国家法不能替代的作用,利用好这些习惯法,对促进侗族地区的林权改革与和谐稳定是大有裨益的。     

清代黔东南文斗苗族林业契约补论

针对此前学界认为在锦屏人工林业产权结构中 ,林地的所有制形式是“家族共有制”即“林地家族共同占有 ,而林地上经营的林木归家庭个体所有”的观点 ,笔者以充分的材料论证林业契约是林地“家庭私有制”的产物。文章还论述了文斗和锦屏林地主要在家族内部交易的原因。     

贵州苗族水火利用与灾害预防习惯规范调查研究

在历史上流传下来的贵州苗族原始习惯法规范及20世纪90年代以后苗族各村订立的村规民约中,内容涉及苗族生产和生活的各个方面.有关水利方面,规定有原沟取水、轮班用水、新开田地用水等规则及纠纷调解机制.有关火灾防范方面的习惯法规则方面,防火、救火及失火处理等方面的规范比较完备.     

清代地方政府对黔东南苗区人工林业的规范

清代地方政府对黔东南苗区人工林业的规范从林木交易始,其内容包含市场交易主体的规范、对市场秩序的规定、对市场交易纠纷的处理等,重视市场惯例,并注意保持规范的稳定性,以有利于人工林业的繁荣。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

黔西南布依族苗族自治州森林变通立法探究

《黔西南布依族苗族自治州执行〈中华人民共和国森林法〉变通规定》是我国民族自治地方有关森林资源保护方面的第一项变通规定,该规定不仅对当地的生态环境保护起到了重要的作用,而且充实了我国森林资源的立法,具有重要的参考价值。黔西南州变通立法的成功经验,值得其他民族自治地方在生态环境立法中借鉴。     

西部大开发中民族利益关系协调机制的建设

本文认为西部大开发中的民族利益关系存在一致性的共同基础 ,可以由此构建利益共享的民族利益关系的协调机制 ;明晰产权关系 ,维护当地居民对当地资源的优先受惠权 ,是协调机制建设的关键。设计利益共享的民族利益关系协调机制 ,对当地居民人力资源的动员和在明晰产权关系的基础上通过股权分配完善权益结构 ,是两种直接的途径和具有普遍意义的方式     

The significance of the racial contract in teachers’ college expectancies for students of color

ABSTRACT

Drawing on the theories of the racial contract and whiteness as property, this one-year qualitative case study explored the ways in which 27 classroom teachers harnessed school structure and classroom curriculum to support the college readiness of students of color in two California school districts. The study discovered that these teacher participants displayed different degrees of race consciousness, prompting contradictory expectancy practices. Negative expectations often reinforced ideologies and material conditions associated with the racial contract and, in effect, perpetuated whiteness as the racial construct of college-going abilities. Conversely, those teachers who operated with a higher degree of race consciousness reported more equitable teaching practices that emphasized self-respect, solidarity, and education as a collective contract for the common good. The study draws conclusions that impact educational policies, particularly those that identify college readiness as the benchmark of equity and high-school success.     

侗族传统家族制度与清代人工营林业发展的契合

在人类社会的一切生产活动中,都要求人们在生产过程中必须进行广泛的合作,而有效的合作就需要有制度的保障。贵州清水江下游侗族人工营林业在清代的形成与发展,就是侗族社区的家族制度的保护下得以实现的。人工营林业是一个连片经营与产权稳定基础才能获得发展的长周期产业。人工营林业的这些特性在侗族家族制度中得以契合,从而最大限度地降低了这种经济活动方式的风险性和不确定性,推动着侗族地区人工营林业的发展。     

敦煌吐蕃文书P．T．1095号写卷解读

P.T.1095号写卷是迄今尚未公开发表的一件敦煌吐蕃文书,是一份购牛契约书。该契约条款完备、债务关系明确,既有担保人也有吐蕃高官做中证人,涉及到三个民族、两个部落,并出现了学术界未曾关注的新部落。契约反映了8世纪左右吐蕃统治敦煌时期的民间商品交易活动和民族关系,以及藏语文的通用语地位。文章对该文书首次作了较为全面的解读和分析。     

分权与旅游治理:基于欠发达地区的实证分析

许多发展中国家实行高度的中央集权,学界对国家政治体制的集权化及其作用已经进行许多有益的探讨,但是对分权的利弊及存在问题却没有深入涉及。本文首先回顾区域治理中的分权理论,提出了一个权力配置、分权控制及其政治规范性的区域治理分析框架,用于描述国家权力在旅游治理中的运行机制,以北部湾旅游发展的实践为例,通过考察中央政府和地方政府、地方企业以及非政府组织在权力治理网络中成长态势,评估广西地方政府在区域旅游治理中的效力,研究发现地方政府在参与决策制定方面仍面临种种困难。     

从"二重性"角度看少数民族农村商品经济的发展与局限——以近代广西为中心的考察

少数民族地区经济结构存在“二元经济”特征,即商品经济的外循环运行机制和礼俗交往的内循环运行机制。礼俗交往的内循环运行机制在少数民族地区具有传统的社会保障功能,这种机制同时也制约了当地商品经济的发展。