加强自治地方自治法规建设保障民族自治地方全面建设小康社会

民族自治地方的小康问题横亘于中国小康之路.宪法和法律赋予民族自治地方制定自治条例、单行条例和变通补充规定等自治法规的特殊立法权,为自治地方的社会经济发展起到了重要的保障作用.自治区、自治州、自治县三级自治地方务必加强、完善自治法规的制定、修改、实施和监督工作,使其为自治地方全面建设小康社会保驾护航.     

自治区自治条例所涉自治立法权问题研究

自治区自治条例的制定是实施民族区域自治制度、实现自治权的重要形式,因而在近年来的民族法制体系规划中都将自治区自治条例作为主要内容和阶段性目标。自治区自治条例的制定权,属于《宪法》规定的民族自治地方应有的自治权,但却是附条件的地方立法权和自治权。依据我国《宪法》、《立法法》、《全国人民代表大会组织法》等的规定,自治区自治条例需要自治区制定草案、上报批准,因此,自治区自治条例制定权具有中央与自治区共有立法权之特点。自治区自治条例的制定,应在我国社会主义法律体系下考虑中央、地方、民族等因素,在明确条例制定的必要性、辨析与其他法律规范关系、充分考虑各方利益的基础上稳步推进。应建立三种立法工作机制:一是以全国人大常委会为主导的领导机制,二是以国务院为主导的工作协调机制,三是以自治区为主导的草案制定机制;自上而下与自下而上互相结合、互动协作、三位一体的立法工作机制,将使自治区自治条例的制定工作有更强的执行力。     

论自治机关行使自治权的保障

<正> 自治机关的自治权是实行民族区域自治的核心问题。自治机关要全面有效地行使自治权,就要有充分的保障。应当肯定,自治机关行使自治权已有一定的保障。一是宪法和民族区域自治法以及其他法律规定的自治机关的自治权以国家的强制力保证实施。宪法规定,民族自治地方的自治机关行使宪法规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方的实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律和政策。民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治机关有权管理地方财政;凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收     

自治区的立法自治权及自治条例问题研究

自治区的自治权是自治区自治机关专有的权利与权力.法律赋予自治区立法机关特定的立法自治权,自治区的立法自治权主要是制定自治条例和单行条例.制定自治区自治条例必须遵循法定原则,维护法律的横向协调,构建科学的立法内容,实现制定过程的程序化,改革与完善立法监督制度.     

自治条例是民族法制体系的基本内容

自治区自治条例是民族区域自治制度的具体化。民族立法自治权是民族区域自治制度的核心,制定和出台自治条例是完善民族法制体系的必要条件,是对自治区立法自治权的具体落实,是对民族区域自治法原则规定的细化。研究自治区自治条例立法内容,必须以自治机关自治权为核心。自治区自治条例立法机制主要解决的是自治区自治条例立法的程序性问题,它具有主体特定性、程序正当性以及结果确定性的特点。必须尽快寻找到一条能够促使五大自治区自治条例顺利出台的有效途径。     

我国民族自治地方立法成果形式评析

根据我国《宪法》、《民族区域自治法》以及《立法法》的相关规定,我国民族自治地方中的民族自治区既享有作为一般地方国家机关的立法权,也享有制定自治法规的立法权。因此,民族自治地方在立法实践中,由于所行使的立法权性质不同,所创制的立法成果形式在立法权限、立法内容、立法程序及立法作用等方面均有所区别。本文拟对我国民族自治地方的立法成果形式进行法律分析,以期对民族自治地方民族法制建设进行一些有益的理论探讨。     

关于自治区制定的自治法规的法律地位问题

关于自治区制定的自治法规的法律地位问题王培英正确厘定民族自治地方制定的自治法规（自治条例和单行条例）在国家法律体系中的地位，明确其法律效力等级和范围，是民族自治地方的立法工作得以顺利进行的必要前提。本文主要试就目前存在较大争议的关于自治区制定的自治法...     

第十二讲:颇具特色的“双条例”

民族自治地方的自治条例和单行条例(以下简称“双条例”)是我国民族法制园地乃至整个国家法制中很有特色的一部分,研究“双条例”,对我国民族法制建设的理论和实践都很有意义. 来龙去脉自治地方制定“双条例”问题,有一个颇值得探究的发展演进过程. 1952年颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》规定:自治机关可以制定单行法规,但需层报上两级人民政府核准,并层报中央人民政府政务院备案.从我国第一个关于民族区域自治的专门法律中可以看出:我国的民族区域自治制度推行之始,即授予了自治地方制定单行法规的立法权.当然,制定自治条例的权利则是后来的事情.     

论民族自治地方立法

论民族自治地方立法覃乃昌民族自治地方立法是指民族自治地方的自治机关依照宪法和法律的规定，按照社会主义的法制原则，根据本自治区域的实际，制定民族自治地方性法规的活动。长期以来，民族自治地方在行使自治权方面，比较重视财政、经济、教育、文化等方面的自治权，...     

自治州自治立法权与地方立法权的竞合及消解

自治州作为我国民族区域自治的重要实践形式,享有制定自治条例和单行条例的自治立法权.随着《立法法》的修改,自治州将获得类似于地级市的地方立法权.当前自治立法权因为内容模糊、权限不明、程序不清等原因导致立法质量不高且立法效率低下,在实施中遇到重重困难;地方立法权则具有内容明确、操作灵活、权限具体等优势,稍有不慎将会影响自治立法权的顺利实施.自治州地方立法权相对于自治立法权是一把双刃剑,有必要厘清自治立法权和地方立法权本质上的差别,使二者在各自的范围内独立行使互不干扰.另外,还要从总体上规划自治立法权的实施条件,明确上级机关与自治机关的权限,完善自治立法权行使的各项具体制度,使自治州在享有地方立法权的同时,促进自治立法权的有效发挥.     

民族自治地方贸易管理自治权再探讨

民族自治地方对外贸易和边境贸易,是我国社会主义商品交换和商品流通在少数民族地区的特殊形式。民族自治地方开展对外贸易,具有得天独厚的地缘优势、人缘优势和政策与法律上的优势。民族自治地方具有开辟对外贸易口岸、开展边境贸易的自治权和享受国家优惠政策的贸易管理权。民族自治地方必须服从国家统一的贸易体制,改进和完善内部管理机制,依法严格管理对外贸易秩序,按照WTO要求尽快完善外贸法治建设。     

民族自治地方立法权问题研究

我国现行立法体制具有“一元二级多层”的特点。民族自治地方立法权是我国立法体制中的一个重要组成部分,本文阐述了民族自治地方立法权的主要内容,分析了民族自治地方立法权在我国立法体制中的地位,并提出了相应的完善意见。     

我国民族立法体制的缺陷及其完善

我国已经形成完整的民族立法体制,其特点主要体现在民族立法在遵循国家统一立法原则的同时,民族区域自治立法有权变通上级立法主体的立法内容.这既有利于维护国家法制的统一,又有利于保障民族自治地方的立法自治权.但民族立法的质量低与民族自治区的自治条例难以出台,阻碍民族法制建设发展.对此,笔者建议:明确并坚持民族立法的基本原则,早日出台民族自治区的自治条例;民族立法既要针对本民族的具体实际,又要具有可操作性.     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

黔西南布依族苗族自治州森林变通立法探究

《黔西南布依族苗族自治州执行〈中华人民共和国森林法〉变通规定》是我国民族自治地方有关森林资源保护方面的第一项变通规定,该规定不仅对当地的生态环境保护起到了重要的作用,而且充实了我国森林资源的立法,具有重要的参考价值。黔西南州变通立法的成功经验,值得其他民族自治地方在生态环境立法中借鉴。     

论民族自治地方立法变通权及其运用

民族自治地方立法变通权是自治权中的重要内容,是民族自治法规立法的灵魂。本文比较全面地分析了民族自治地方立法变通权的基本理论,阐述了其基本性质、价值、原则和主要内容。最后就进一步用好民族自治地方立法变通权力,推进民族自治地方立法变通,加强民族自治地方立法提出了具体的设想。     

论我国自治条例、单行条例行政许可的设定权

行政许可设定权是行政许可制度规范化的基础。关于自治条例和单行条例有无行政许可设定权,理论界和实务部门莫衷一是。基于自治条例和单行条例法规性和法律性有机性统一的属性,自治地方的立法权应当比非自治地方的立法权自主灵活得多。结合我国当前的立法体制,对自治法规作适当区分,而配置行政许可设定权并完善相关制约机制,不失为当前的最佳选择。     

民族自治地方资源开发与保护自治权再探讨

人类必须尊重与大自然和睦相处的一些基本定律。自然资源是社会生产发展的基础,是国家实现经济现代化的物质条件,它关系着民族的生存和社会的发展。民族自治地方的自治机关有权根据法律规定,确定本地方内草场和森林的所有权和使用权,管理和保护本地方自然资源的自治权,优先合理开发利用本地方自然资源的自治权。法律同时规定了民族自治地方在资源开发利用与保护管理方面的义务与上级国家机关在资源开发利用和生态环境保护方面应尽的“职责”。