先动性、合法化与中小企业成长——一个中介模型及其启示

根据创业导向理论,具有先动性的企业更可能获得先动优势与高的绩效。而制度合法性理论指出先动性高的企业将可能面临合法性障碍。尽管理论已指出先动性企业可能面临合法性障碍,但几乎没有研究考察先动性企业如何克服合法性约束以实现成长与高绩效?为了回答这个问题,本文整合了合法性视角与创业导向理论,检验了ISO质量体系认证的合法化作用,先动性与企业绩效的关系。本文特别构建了一个中介模型,提出了合法化在先动性与企业成长关系间起中介作用的假设。基于中国中小企业协会对全国范围内中小企业的调查问卷,我们通过结构方程对上述假设做了检验。检验结果表明:(1)先动性对中小企业成长有正面作用。(2)中小企业获取ISO质量认证并非是为提高质量,而是为了获得合法性从而提高企业绩效。(3)合法性在先动性与中小企业绩效关系间起部分中介作用。本文的最大贡献在于整合了制度合法性理论与创业导向理论,揭示了在中国情境下,中小企业成功创业的过程。     

创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效的倒U形关系：创业导向的多重中介作用

已有研究忽视先前经验中创业失败经验的独特价值,缺乏对创业失败经验是否以及如何影响新产品开发绩效的研究。整合经验学习和认知理论,基于231位创业老手及其新创企业的经验数据,使用层次回归和自助方法检验创业失败经验对新产品开发绩效的影响,同时探索创业导向在两者关系间的多重中介作用。研究结果表明,创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效存在倒U形关系,创业失败经验与创业导向的预应性、创新性和风险承担性3个维度间存在倒U形关系,创业导向在创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效的关系中起部分中介作用。研究结果深化了对创业情景下失败经验与组织绩效关系的理解,提出失败经验向新产品开发绩效转化的中间路径,对创业者和风险投资家有重要的实践启示。     

风险需要平衡吗:新企业风险承担与绩效倒U型关系及创业能力的中介作用

创业导向与绩效关系研究结论的相异性驱动了学者们开始探究创业导向的不同维度与绩效之间的关系以及这些关系的内在机理。而风险承担与绩效之间的关系尤其令学者感兴趣。新企业的创业实践表明,创业能力在一定程度上会影响新企业风险承担与绩效的关系,但个中机理并未得到有效揭示。本文基于新企业样本,研究了新企业风险承担、创业能力与绩效的关系,并利用调节路径分析方法来检验本研究所提出的假设。实证结果表明,新企业风险承担分别与创业能力和绩效具有倒U型关系,而且创业能力在风险承担与绩效的倒U性关系中起到了中介传导作用。研究结论说明了新企业冒适度的风险时会有较佳的绩效,规避风险和过度承担风险都会导致绩效的降低,即风险平衡将是新企业的最佳选择,而要确保风险承担的效果显著,确保企业绩效的有效提升,新企业必须提升并完善其创业能力。     

新企业风险承担与绩效倒U型关系及机会能力的中介作用研究

创业导向与绩效关系研究结论的相异性驱动学者们开始探究创业导向的不同维度与绩效之间的关系以及这些关系的内在机理。而风险承担与绩效之间的关系尤其令学者感兴趣。新企业的创业实践表明,机会能力在一定程度上会影响新企业风险承担与绩效的关系,但各种机理并未得到有效揭示。本文基于新企业样本,研究了新企业风险承担、机会能力与绩效的关系,并利用调节路径分析方法来检验研究假设。实证结果表明,新企业风险承担分别与机会能力和绩效具有倒U型关系,而且机会能力在风险承担与绩效的倒U型关系中起到了中介传导作用。研究结论说明了新企业冒适度的风险时会有较佳的绩效,规避风险和过度承担风险都会导致绩效的降低,即风险平衡将是新企业的最佳选择,而要确保风险承担的效果显著,确保企业绩效的有效提升,新企业必须提升并完善其机会能力。     

构建高层管理团队社会网络的人力资源实践、战略柔性与企业绩效——环境不确定性的调节作用

本文首次将战略柔性作为一种典型的动态能力运用到战略人力资源管理的研究领域中,探索了其在构建高层管理团队(TMT)社会网络的人力资源实践与企业绩效关系中所扮演的中介作用,并且基于我国经济转型这一现实背景,采用环境不确定性作为该中介环节的调节变量予以进一步阐释.我们对上述问题进行了实证检验,通过对北京、天津、上海、江苏和浙江等地区390家企业的780名高管进行问卷调查,最终获得241个有效样本,研究发现:(1)构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践对企业绩效具有正向影响,并且战略柔性在其中发挥了完全中介的作用;(2)环境不确定性在构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践与战略柔性的关系中具有调节作用,但在战略柔性与企业绩效的关系中不具有调节作用.本文的研究结论表明,考虑战略柔性和环境不确定性这两个重要因素可以更好地解释构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践对企业绩效的影响机制,这为战略人力资源管理在动态环境中的发展和应用提供了重要启示.     

高管灵性资本对提高企业创新绩效的影响

对高管灵性资本、创业导向和环境动态性影响创新绩效的作用机制进行研究的结果表明:高管灵性资本对企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响;环境动态性正向调节高管灵性资本与创新绩效两者之间的关系;创业导向是高管灵性资本与创新绩效之间的完全中介变量;环境动态性与高管灵性资本的交互作用,通过创业导向的中介作用影响创新绩效,具体表现为有中介的调节作用。     

创业导向有助于提升企业绩效吗——基于创业导向型企业高管胜任特征的中介效应

创业导向与企业绩效关系的讨论一直是创业研究领域的热门话题,本文以创业导向型企业的高管胜任特征作为中介变量,通过规范的实证研究过程,揭示其对创业导向与企业绩效关系的影响路径与作用机制.研究发现,创业导向整体的确可以提升企业的绩效水平,而这种对企业绩效的正向促进作用主要是通过创新性和先行性两个维度得以体现;创业导向型企业的高管胜任特征对企业绩效产生正向的影响,这一发现从结果变量的角度验证了本文构建的高管胜任特征量表的有效性;创业导向型企业的高管胜任特征在创业导向整体与企业绩效的关系中起到部分中介作用,在创新性与企业绩效的关系中起到完全中介作用,在先行性与企业绩效的关系中起到部分中介作用.基于以上发现,本文进行了分析讨论并给出了对管理实践的启示,试图为解释中国企业的创业战略决策提供理论依据与实证支持.     

异质性资源、创业机会与创业绩效关系研究

基于资源基础理论探究了新创企业的异质性资源,并采用创业机会视角剖析资源对绩效的作用机制问题,提出了资源-机会-绩效的研究逻辑。来自山东省102家新创企业的问卷调研数据证实:具有高知识储备的人力资源和密切联系的关系资源对创业绩效有正向影响;有价值的创业机会分别在人力资源与创业绩效、关系资源与创业绩效间起中介作用。理论上,不仅甄别出影响新创企业绩效的异质性资源,丰富了资源基础理论,而且有利于完善Timmons模型以推进研究发展;实践上,为新创企业实现资源与机会的良性匹配,最终实现创业成功提供理论指导。     

新企业创业导向的测量与功效:基于中国经验的实证研究

当前关于新企业创业导向的维度及其功效还存在较大的分歧。本文从战略过程视角,依据文献分析初步界定了新企业创业导向的5个维度,然后通过访谈调查和探测性检验,将新企业创业导向维度调整为创新性、风险承担性、先动性3个方面,应用并优化了其测量量表。最后通过150份有效样本,对我国新企业创业导向对企业绩效的直接贡献和间接贡献进行了检验。结果表明,创业导向对新企业绩效确实有显著的直接贡献,但间接作用更为明显。     

组织创业气氛、创业导向与创业企业绩效研究

基于创业认知理论,拓展了创业导向与创业绩效的经典模型.通过数据调查,实证检验了组织创业气氛、创业导向以及创业企业绩效三者之间的关系,由此得出结论:①组织创业气氛与创业绩效具有正向关系,创业导向与创业绩效具有正向关系;②创业导向在组织创业气氛与衍生企业绩效之间起中介作用.     

Analysis of strengths and weaknesses in the National Human Resource Development systems of BRICS

National Human Resource Development (NHRD) takes a humane and long-term perspective to the human resources of each country in terms of national growth. This research evaluated the human resource development competitiveness of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) countries from the perspective of NHRD. This study selected Global Human Resource Competitiveness Index to assess the NHRD of BRICS. Although it is generally considered that the BRICS countries have high growth potential with large population, this analysis showed that they have a common weakness in the balanced development and use of human resources from the perspective of NHRD. In this respect, this study compares and analyses the characteristics and strength/weakness of each BRICS country. This research can inform evaluation of policies on national human resource development. Additionally, it can provide basic data for identifying the status of the human resource development system.     

HRD standards and standardization: where now for human resource development?

This paper examines standard-setting and standardization processes currently being undertaken in the human resources field and makes a ‘call to action’ for human resource development (HRD) scholars and practitioners to influence these developments. The paper provides a reflexive ‘insider account’ of HR standards development combining personal experience with theoretical perspectives; ‘grey’ and practitioner literatures; and secondary data sources. Drawing on scholarly literature sources, opportunities and dilemmas of standardization processes in the HR field are discussed. Grounded in the standardization literature, alternative approaches to system-wide (meta) standards are identified. Drawing on publically available information, different standardization approaches in USA and UK are discussed. The paper critiques the dominant performance-orientated paradigm and ‘rules-based’ approach to standards and argues for an alternative, principles-based approach for HR standardization to support sustainable individual and organizational performance. These issues have important consequences for HRD identity, pedagogy, education, and practice. In addition to the development of an original typology of emerging HR standardization, the paper contributes a new perspective to debates about the identity, values, purpose, and contribution of HRD and the relationship between HRD and human resource management (HRM).     

Improving human resources for health planning in developing economies

There is a universal consensus that human resources represent the heart and soul of effective health systems everywhere. However, despite this consensus, human resource planning in low income countries remains a neglected, often poorly implemented and ineffective component of health-system development. The planning exercises that do take place are often inefficient, use inappropriate planning models or fail to adequately prioritize human resource investment decisions. This article briefly discusses possible reasons why this failure occurs and describes four key steps that can help health system planners more effectively prioritize and link human resource for health investment decisions to health system strategy and programmatic initiatives. Implications for human resource development practice and national human resource development are discussed.     

The role of training in the development of human resource management in Australian organisations

This paper analyses the impact that nationally recognised training has had on the practice of human resource management in Australian organisations. Since the late 1980s, the Australian vocational education and training system has undergone major reforms. These reforms have been aimed at making training more relevant to the needs of Australian business. A key development in training reform has been the emergence of Training Packages, sets of occupational competency standards, qualifications and assessment guidelines covering most jobs in the economy. The research reported in this paper shows how nationally recognised training in the form of Training Package qualifications has been taken up by Australian employers and has begun to re-shape not only training practices but also broader approaches to human resource management. Many employers are now using the competency standards contained in Training Packages to underpin other human resource management practices such as recruitment and selection, performance management and management development. The use of consistent national standards to underpin these activities has led to better alignment and integration of human resource management in some organisations, as predicted by theories of bundling in the strategic human resource management literature.     

Living in the shadow of OD: HRD and the search for identity

The paper attempts to describe the similarities and differences between organizational development (OD) and human resource development (HRD). While it is argued that HRD practitioners need to acquire some of the skills of OD consultants, these are likely to be limited to the development of personal skills and learning in the attempt to achieve intrapreneurialism and personal transformations. We argue that HRD is living in the shadow of OD because it is slow to recognize its roots in the debates of that discipline. It is therefore suggested that HRD will recognize its true potential only when it identifies its core knowledge and skills. We argue that HRD can find its essential identity in four main ways: by focusing on the organization's business strategy; by devolving responsibility to line managers; by adopting an employee-centred approach to learning; and by emphasizing workplace learning. However, a wider behavioural understanding and a greater degree of reflectiveness in relation to the politics of change and the skills of the change agent must inform this identity.     

Workplace learning strategies,barriers, facilitators and outcomes: a qualitative study among human resource management practitioners

Recently the role of human resource management (HRM) practitioners has become more professionalized and more strategic. Consequently, HRM practitioners have had to develop new competencies in areas such as change management, influence and technology. Workplace learning, which is important for professional development, is examined for 13 HRM practitioners in government, healthcare, post-secondary education and business organizations in the Halifax Regional Municipality area. Of particular interest were learning strategies, barriers to and facilitators of learning and outcomes of learning. To obtain rich data, practitioners were interviewed face to face using an interview guide. Results indicated that these practitioners are mostly similar to other professional groups in terms of workplace learning, with a few key differences. The similarities and differences are presented, and implications of these findings for HRM practitioners and future directions for research are discussed.     

战略人力资源管理与组织绩效关系研究的新框架：理论整合的视角

人力资本理论、行为理论和资源理论是研究者们研究战略人力资源管理和组织绩效之间关系的常用理论基础,但单一的理论基础不能完全揭示战略人力资源管理对组织绩效的作用机制。为此,首先分析比较了3种理论基础各自的研究框架及研究现状;然后,基于理论整合的视角构建了战略人力资源管理与组织绩效关系研究的新框架;最后,对该领域研究的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

The role of international human resource in leading a company from a domestic to a global corporate culture

One of the biggest challenges facing HR is to help a company move from a domestic corporate orientation to working in a global business environment. Using the international human resource department as an example of where this transformation must occur first, the global paradigm shift is explored from the theoretical (international human resource management models) and practical (global HR competencies) perspectives. The discussion is supplemented with a cross-cultural HR development plan necessary to accomplish this cultural transformation.     

Manufacturing flexibility and advanced human resource management practices

This article analyses the connection between the use of advanced human resource management (HRM) practices, individually and as a system, with manufacturing flexibility. The results show a positive relationship between the implementation of advanced HRM practices and manufacturing flexibility. While most of the advanced HRM practices analysed show higher levels of implementation in flexible firms, no differences are observed in training efforts. Flexible firms are more prone to implement systems of advanced HRM practices.     

The status of HRD research in the United States from 1980 to 1994

This study used the research methodology of citation analysis to elucidate the status of HRD research in the United States. The study results include information about core US journals, the number of articles published per year, and the type of article authorship. The results also provide information about the changing landscape for HRD publications.