混合所有制改革中政府激励行为与非国有资本策略选择的主观博弈分析

国有企业全面深化改革意味着经济利益格局的重塑,作为政策供给者的政府和作为政策核心反应者的非国有资本是混合所有制改革的重要参与主体。本文利用主观博弈理论分析了混合所有制改革历程中政府和非国有资本两大博弈主体策略选择的行为逻辑,并通过Matlab软件模拟不同初始状态下非国有资本策略选择受政府激励行为影响的动态演化过程。研究结果表明：受非国有资本参与混合所有制改革的交易成本和违约风险、额外收益和政府激励成本的影响,当政府支持的激励力度较小时,"不参与"是非国有资本的最优策略。当政府支持的激励力度较大时,"参与"是非国有资本的最优策略。从政策层面推动混合所有制的发展,实现国有资本和非国有资本在各自比较优势基础上发挥协同效应时,政府应进一步构建合理的政策制度,降低非国有资本的准入门槛,赋予非国有资本公平的进入机会,并推动资本间重组兼并,完善产权交易市场,以此降低混合所有制改革参与主体的交易成本和进入壁垒。     

混合所有制:民企的“诱惑”与“困惑”

正顶层治理结构改革不配套,同化于国有企业;股本规模比例造成差距;企业文化难融合造成发展阻碍;企业管理机制不同步,影响双方优势互补等,将是民营企业在推进混合所有制经济进程中面临的困境。发展混合所有制,需要从效率和效益角度出发,充分发挥国有资本的资源优势和民营资本的市场机制优势,有效实现互补。党的十八届三中全会有关深化经济体制改革思路中提出,要积极发展混合所有制经济,国有资本投资项目允许非国有资本参股,允许混     

混合所有制改革影响国有企业创新的机制分析

本文基于行业地区属性和宏观经济变量的视角分析了混合所有制改革影响国有企业创新的具体机制。研究发现:相对于处于垄断行业和中西部地区的国有企业,处于非垄断行业和东部沿海地区的国有企业创新对于混合所有制改革更为敏感。而且房价增速越快,混合所有制改革对于国有企业创新的影响越不利,但是资本市场越发达,混合所有制改革对于国有企业创新的促进作用越显著。     

国有企业高管跨体制联结与混合所有制改革——基于“国有企业向私营企业转让股权”的经验证据

混合所有制改革的实质是要打破国有企业与私营企业之间存在的体制障碍,加强国有企业与私营企业之间的相互融合。那么,那些具有跨体制(即跨越国有企业和私营企业两种体制障碍)联结关系的国有企业高管,是否会有助于推进混合所有制改革呢?鉴于"国有企业向私营企业转让股权"是国有企业混合所有制改革的一条重要改革途径,因此本文基于国有上市公司的股权转让数据考察国有企业高管跨体制联结对国有企业向私营企业转让股权的影响,研究发现:与国有企业高管没有跨体制联结关系的情况相比,当国有企业高管拥有跨体制联结关系时,国有企业向私营企业转让股权的可能性较大;当跨体制联结关系是由内部董事形成,对于发生在管制性行业和不影响公司控制权变更的股权转让,高管跨体制联结对国有企业向私营企业转让股权的正向影响越强。本文进一步研究发现,国有企业高管跨体制联结主要通过传递交易信息和环境信息、缓解意识形态障碍等机制影响国有股权向私营企业转让。这些发现意味着,搭建国有企业高管与私营企业高管之间联系的桥梁和纽带,创造国有股权转让的公平交易环境,对助推国有企业混合所有制改革有重要意义。     

混合所有制企业开展党建工作的一些思考

党的十八届三中全会通过了《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》,明确提出了"积极发展混合所有制经济"的新思路。《中共中央、国务院关于深化国有企业改革的指导意见》明确提出,要把建立党的组织、开展党的工作,作为推进国有企业混合所有制改革的首要前提。近年来,我国混合所有制国有企业不断增多,党组织的地位与作用也不断发生变化,党建工作出现了一些新情况新问题。如何继承发扬国有企业传统党建工作的政治优势,积极适应混合所有制企业的内在规律和发展要求,进一步加强和改进党的领导,在服务发展中实现新作为,是深化国有企业改革面临的紧迫课题,也是党建工作改革创新的时代命题。该文分析了混合所有制企业党建工作中存在的问题和困难,并就提升混合所有制企业党建科学化水平提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

发展混合所有制经济与国有企业改革

发展混合所有制经济对于推进国有企业改革,壮大我国社会主义市场经济体制的根基起着重要作用,能够使国有经济的控制力和影响力得到提高。因此,国家和有关部门要认识到发展混合制所有制经济的重要性,进一步推进国有企业改革。本文主要分析了发展混合制所有制经济对于国有企业改革的重要意义,并且探讨了进一步发展混合所有制经济的具体策略。     

非控股国有股权与民营企业税收负担北大核心CSSCI

随着混合所有制改革的推进,在政策层“鼓励国有资本以多种方式入股非国有企业”的背景下,国有资本入股民营企业的“反向混改”案例逐渐普遍且呈增长之势。考察国有资本影响民营企业经营和治理的机理和路径,系统评价国有资本参股民营企业的经济效果,对于完善和发展中国特色混合所有制经济具有重要的理论和现实意义。然而,已有研究主要关注国有企业引入民营资本的混改模式,关于国有资本入股民营企业的“反向混改”的研究较为匮乏,因此亟须更多的研究关注“反向混改”的模式、治理效应和经济后果。结合国有资本参股民营企业的制度背景,基于企业税收负担视角,运用2009年至2020年沪深A股民营上市企业的数据,研究非控股国有股权对民营企业税收负担的影响,进一步探讨税收征管强度和高管政治关联对非控股国有股权与民营企业税收负担二者关系的调节效应,从企业税收优惠和税收规避激进度两个方面考察非控股国有股权影响民营企业税收负担的作用机制。研究结果表明,首先,非控股国有股权能显著减轻民营企业税收负担。其次,相对于税收征管强度较低的地区,非控股国有股权对民营企业税收负担的减轻作用在税收征管强度较高的地区更显著;相对于具有政治关联的民营企业,非控股国有股权对企业税收负担的减轻作用在无政治关联的民营企业中更显著。最后,非控股国有股权主要帮助民营企业获得更多的税收优惠,而不是促使企业开展激进的税收规避行为减轻税收负担。民营企业通过让渡一定的股权给国有股东,能够建立一定的政治联系,从而在经营过程中获得更多的政府优惠政策。研究结果丰富了混合所有制改革与企业税收的相关研究,有助于理解国有资本影响民营企业经营和治理的机理和路径,为进一步发展中国特色混合所有制经济提供了更多的理论和经验证据,对于减轻民营企业税收负担、促进民营企业持续健康发展和营造公平的市场竞争环境提供一定的政策启示。     

混合所有制发展的企业SWOT分析

正2013年11月,党的第十八届三中全会通过了《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》,提出要"积极发展混合所有制经济",认为"国有资本、集体资本、非公有资本等交叉持股、相互融合的混合所有制经济,是基本经济制度的重要实现形式"。简单的说,混合所有制经济就是国有资本与其他非国有的所有制资本的混合,然后混合后的资本共同致力于经济的发展。其实在中国经济体制改革的早期,在上世纪末国有企业改革的初期,就曾经提出过在国有     

国有企业实施员工持股计划的经营绩效:激励相容还是激励不足

员工持股计划是国有企业混合所有制改革的核心环节,对优化国有经济布局、推动国有资本做大做强具有重要意义。本文按照"管理层激励—公司治理—激励效果"的分析框架,实证检验了员工持股计划对国有企业经营绩效的影响路径。研究发现:(1)国有企业高管在员工持股计划中参与比例的均值为22%,而该比例在民营企业中达到27%,国企显著低于民营企业。(2)与民营企业相比,实施员工持股计划的国有企业在降低代理成本、提高投资效率和减少超额雇员等公司治理层面的改善效果并不显著。(3)国有企业实施员工持股计划的经营绩效弱于民营企业。市场反应方面,国有企业的短期公告效应与民营企业无差异,但长期公告效应却显著弱于民营企业。另外,相比民营企业,国有企业财务绩效的增长也受到阻碍,但股票来源为非公开发行的国有企业与民营企业在财务绩效方面差距缩小。为了深化国有企业混合所有制改革,在员工持股计划的制度设计层面,建议国有企业提高管理层的参与比例,并强化绩效考核与监督机制。同时,应当继续鼓励国有企业以增资入股的形式实施员工持股计划。     

混合所有制经济的路径

发展混合所有制经济应实行“四路并进”。第一条路,立足于国有企业,吸引民营资本、外资与国有资本融合。经过30多年的改革,目前国有及国有控股企业混合所有制有一定进展,但也存在一些问题,仍有巨大发展空间。第二条路,立足于民营企业,让国资、外资与民营资本融合。民营资本是改革开放以来新崛起的一支资本力量,具有发展混合所有制的潜力,“鼓励发展非公有资本控股的混合所有制企业”,是一个新的命题。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.