中国情境下复杂组织关联性维度:模型与验证

立足于中国本土情境,在文献分析的基础上构建了复杂组织关联性维度的结构模型并运用量表分析技术进行了实证检验,确定具有良好的信度和效度.本文提出的复杂组织关联性维度模型包括技术、环境、战略、企业制度、企业文化5个维度、20个量表测项.研究结果证实,中国复杂组织所具有的基本特征是:业内中等以上的企业规模;复杂先进的技术系统;不确定性程度较高的环境;多层次柔性化的战略;学习导向的文化氛围;规范化的团队合作制度.本研究为进一步探索复杂组织治理问题提供了理论基础和依据.     

组织环境与战略关系研究:市场导向与制度导向

探讨了制度导向环境与市场(或任务)导向环境的差异及其内在关联性,以及这种关系和差异所导致的组织2种不同导向的战略应对行为.研究结果表明,企业在制定与实施战略时,应综合考虑环境中的市场或任务与制度导向因素,并积极将市场导向战略与制度导向战略进行整合.最后,基于事项管理理论提出了一个企业整合市场导向与制度导向战略的管理模型,旨在为处于高度制度化环境中转型期的中国企业管理者们进行全面的组织环境管理,以及制定与实施整合导向战略时提供一些实践启示.     

网络能力、技术能力、制度环境与国际创业绩效

哪些因素决定新创企业国际创业绩效、新创企业在国际化过程中应聚焦国内资源开发还是国外资源整合,这是目前国际创业研究中亟待解决的两个问题.整合资源基础理论和国际创业理论,研究技术能力、网络能力和制度环境对国际创业绩效的作用机制,重点探讨网络能力的调节作用机制.采用层次回归模型等方法,对177家来自中国、越南、老挝3个转型经济国家新创企业的调查问卷进行分析.研究结果表明,技术能力和制度环境是新兴市场新创企业国际创业绩效的决定因素,网络能力对国际创业绩效的影响完全通过技术能力的中介作用实现;网络能力的子维度关系能力对技术能力与国际创业绩效之间关系有负向调节作用,但对制度环境与国际创业绩效之间关系有正向调节作用;网络能力的子维度协调能力对技术能力与国际创业绩效之间关系有正向调节作用,但对制度环境与国际创业绩效之间关系有负向调节作用.     

中国企业横向整合管理模式研究及其理论模型

面对经济转型期的特殊制度因素和市场因素的制约,实施横向整合战略的中国企业在管理模式选择和设计方面做出了适宜的变通。针对此过程中所面临的特殊情境和管理实践,明确了企业横向整合管理模式的权变维度,从制度基础理论、市场基础理论和资源基础理论3个角度分析了企业横向整合管理模式选择的主要影响因素,梳理了其权变维度与权变情境变量之间的逻辑关系,构建了企业横向整合管理模式的研究模型。     

制度转型期中国本土企业适应性成长路径——基于海尔不连续创新的经验研究

探讨了中国制度转型背景下动态环境对企业组织适应性成长路径的影响,提出不连续创新是中国企业适应性成长的战略选择。在文献分析的基础上,将中国本土企业的不连续创新的发生情境界定为战略更新、业务领域调整、组织结构战略性变革和海外市场扩张4种,并以海尔1984~2009年间发展历程中的不连续创新事件为对象进行分析和论证,研究外部环境特征、企业不连续创新和组织适应性之间的共同演化关系。研究结果表明:环境不连续变化是企业不连续创新的直接诱因;不连续创新是转型经济背景下中国企业加速组织适应性的战略性选择,其演化趋势是更加强调外部资源整合、战略柔性、多元化和组织结构的网络化;在动态环境下企业战略选择与组织结构变革的长期协同演化将导致企业组织适应性的形成。     

组织外部环境不确定性的研究述评

环境不确定性对组织的影响遵循2种逻辑,即效率机制与合法性机制。在总结已有文献对环境不确定性的定义和测量维度的基础上,以及在明确了环境不确定性的概念之后,对有关环境不确定性如何影响组织的文献进行了述评。研究结果表明,不确定性对组织的影响主要体现在制度层、战略和结构3个方面,这些影响有的遵循效率逻辑,有的遵循合法性逻辑。最后,对未来的有关研究提出了建议,即如何对客观环境不确定性进行测量;应继续关注制度环境;尝试用组织社会学中的制度理论解释中国的公司治理实践。     

动态环境下组织即兴对创业导向的影响机制研究

分析130家样本企业的调查数据,构建了组织即兴、环境动态性和创业导向之间的关系模型。研究发现:组织即兴由即时性和创造性两个维度构成,且这两个维度分别对创业导向有正向显著影响;环境动态性正向调节了创造性与创业导向之间的关系,但并不影响即时性与创业导向之间的关系。     

组织市场上顾客知识体系的构成与测量——基于中国企业的实证研究

顾客知识是企业一种不可或缺的战略资源,正日渐受到理论界和实业界的广泛关注。现有研究中对顾客知识的探讨大都笼统和宽泛,缺乏有关顾客知识内涵、构成及关键维度的深入研究。本文试图从企业资源理论的视角对顾客知识进行深入探讨,在文献回顾与梳理的基础上,根据访谈结果提炼出组织市场上顾客知识的构成与测量模型,并以中国企业的数据进行了实证分析,开发出具有较好信度与效度的量表,从而为后续的实证研究奠定了基础,并为管理实践提供了更有效的指导。     

环境不确定性、组织冗余与原始性创新的关系研究

本文探讨了环境不确定的两个维度(技术不确定性和市场不确定性)对企业原始性创新的直接影响,以及运用权变的方法研究了组织冗余对以上两种关系的调节作用。通过对404家中国企业的实证研究发现,环境不确定性的两个维度对企业原始性创新的影响不尽相同,其中技术不确定性与企业原始性创新正相关,市场不确定性与企业原始性创新负相关;此外,随着已吸收冗余的增多,市场不确定性与原始性创新的负向关系增强;随着未吸收冗余的增多,技术不确定性与企业原始性创新的正向关系增强,市场不确定性与企业原始性创新的负向关系增强。研究结论发展了现有的创新文献,具有一定的理论与实践意义。     

Denison企业文化量表在中国背景下的有效性分析

企业文化量表是企业文化诊断的重要工具。本文在对Denison企业文化量表简要述评的基础上，对其在中国背蒂下的有效性进行了分析，研究表明：该量表的四个文化特质区分效度不够明显，十二个维度的结构效度也不够理想；探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析发现，七维度的Denison企业文化量表更加适用于中国企业。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Defining Spirituality of Work

There is a current surge of writings on spirituality and related topics. For instance, Woodward (1997) has pointed out that since Thomas Moore's publication of Care of the Soul in 1994 there have been nearly 800books published with the word soul in the title. These run all the way from Chicken Soup for theWoman's Soul (Canfield et al., 1996) to A Guide to Liberating YourSoul (Barrett, 1995). Spirituality of work is a big part of this surge. Definitionsof spirituality of work seem to vary widely. Bowman (1998, p. 8) in his `reviewof the phenomenon of spirituality of work' found `Definitions of the term spirituality in the context of the Spirituality of Work troublesome and particularly subjective. Many writers do not even attempt definitions.' The purpose of this article is to review the concept of spirituality of work in its historical and current use and to propose a comprehensive definition.     

WebStress: a web interface to explore a multidatabase bibliographic corpus on occupational stress

A bibliographic study on a multidisciplinary subject, such as occupational stress, requires a multidatabase query facility. Given this, we searched eight databases belonging to different fields (medicine, psychology, etc.) and from different countries. Thus, more than 26000 references on occupational stress were gathered. A bibliographic corpus of this sort is unusable because of the heterogeneous format of the records and the number of duplicate entries. Considering the limitations of commercial programs, we have developed a system, called WebStress, for reformatting the data and removing duplicates. The huge number of references and the research needs of updating and searching have necessitated the addition of several other functions to WebStress. Therefore WebStress comprises a web interface that makes it possible to search the corpus with advanced features (using clustering, a specialized thesaurus on stress and Boolean queries). In addition to the usual bibliographic queries on a specific database such as Medline, WebStress provides bibliometric analysis of the corpus, which might contribute to a detailed analysis on occupational stress in order to highlight the networks of researchers and to find the main topics studied in this area. WebStress is not yet available to researchers in general. It is being further developed, and also permission needs to be obtained from the eight commercial bibliographic databases that it consults.     

The impact of a participatory organizational intervention on job stress in community health care institutions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term participatory intervention in health care institutions in Norway on workers' control, other job characteristics, job stress, subjective health and job satisfaction. Participants (including managers and supervisors) were randomly allocated to intervention groups and to a control group. Actions to solve problems based on the employees' own perceptions of the main problems were seen as the key motivators for organizational improvement and increased control at the task and office level in the work situation. The main stressors identified by the participants in this study were lack of information, communication and respect between professions, as well as the need for professional and personal development. The participatory intervention had a positive, but limited effect on work-related stress, job characteristics, learning climate and management style, and seemed to have started a beneficial change process. There were no negative short-term effects on work-related stress and job demands. Organizational interventions may be a potential training ground for acquiring participatory skills and resources, and if sustained after the intervention period, they can have long-term effects on problem solving, job stress and employee satisfaction.     

Circadian Rhythm and the Business Person

Each human being has an internal timekeeping mechanism. To date, over 100 so-called circadian rhythms have been detected. Perhaps the most significant is body temperature. There is an apparent connection between this rhythm and the efficiency with which we do things in the course of the working day. Within individuals, patterns have been discovered which give credence to the popular notions of a morning or an afternoon person, and so on. Our memory changes from morning to afternoon: short-term memory is stronger in the morning, and long-term memory stronger in the afternoon; in schools, morning students have higher grades than students who have other time-of-day preferences. Therefore, a strong case can be made in support of flexible time schedules. It is reported that productivity went up on the introduction of such a scheme. Employee stress has been seen to decline also. When flextime was offered, parents with small children took advantage of the benefit as well as unmarried employees. The only drawback is ensuring that, with so many individual variations in preferences, the needs of the company are fully met. If such a scheme can be devised, however, the research suggests that productivity and efficiency will increase.     

Social construction of work stress: Australian newsprint media portrayal of stress at work, 1997-98

Public understanding of health issues is influenced by the social and political interests of those who gather the information and by the media which disseminates it. This has implications for lay people's beliefs about work stress and has potentially serious personal implications in terms of recognizing, reacting to, and reporting stress in the workplace (Furnham, 1997). The somewhat ambiguous nature of work stress renders it vulnerable to political, social and economic manipulation. This study explores how the issue of work stress is represented in the Australian newsprint media. Fifty-one work-related articles from all major Australian newspapers from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997 were selected if 'stress' appeared in the headline. The articles were examined for dominant ideologies and themes. Attention was given to the language used to describe stress, the intended audience, and the voices represented in the articles. Results showed that work stress is represented in the media as an economically costly epidemic, as an outcome of unfavourable work conditions but with individual remedies, and as primarily situated within the public sector. The main voice represented in the media was that of the unions. The reproduction of work stress as a public sector phenomenon serves the interests of public sector unions, the newspapers, and the managers of private sector workers and is not consistent with available workers' compensation data (which is itself problematic).     

Is Risk Analysis Scientific?

This article discusses to what extent risk analysis is scientific in view of a set of commonly used definitions and criteria. We consider scientific knowledge to be characterized by its subject matter, its success in developing the best available knowledge in its fields of study, and the epistemic norms and values that guide scientific investigations. We proceed to assess the field of risk analysis according to these criteria. For this purpose, we use a model for risk analysis in which science is used as a base for decision making on risks, which covers the five elements evidence, knowledge base, broad risk evaluation, managerial review and judgment, and the decision; and that relates these elements to the domains experts and decisionmakers, and to the domains fact‐based or value‐based. We conclude that risk analysis is a scientific field of study, when understood as consisting primarily of (i) knowledge about risk‐related phenomena, processes, events, etc., and (ii) concepts, theories, frameworks, approaches, principles, methods and models to understand, assess, characterize, communicate, and manage risk, in general and for specific applications (the instrumental part).     

A new lease for life? The return of vitalism in management and organization studies

This paper starts from a growing interest in the concept of concern, lived experience or “inhabiting” as part of the so-called “affective turn”. My main argument is that the notion of concern cannot be thought or understood without the concept of life. The concept of life, however, is somewhat of a taboo topic in the social sciences. I hold, nevertheless, that in order to reflect on their assumptions and to define concern for their own studies, scholars need to think about life and make a choice regarding the various approaches that can be taken. I therefore present and compare four vitalist approaches: romanticism and Lebensphilosophie, vitalism as ethos and pathos, neuroecosociality as well as vitalism as becoming.     

Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees' strain and job satisfaction: a context-dependent approach

The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires, and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees' strain responses was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process.