营商环境优化、人力资本效应与企业劳动生产率

基于制度变迁的视角，本文以2015～2018年中国沪深A股上市公司数据，实证检验营商环境优化对企业劳动生产率的影响及其机制。研究发现：营商环境优化对企业劳动生产率具有正向影响；机制检验表明，营商环境优化通过改善宏观层面市场公平竞争环境、法制环境及商业信用环境，促进微观层面人力资本升级、员工权益保护和提升员工信任度，从而提高企业劳动生产率；拓展性检验发现，营商环境优化对企业劳动生产率的正向作用在非国有企业和劳动密集型企业中更为显著。本文研究重点关注了宏观制度软环境优化产生的正向人力资本效应，进而改善微观企业生产经营。这不仅丰富了相关研究文献，拓展了宏微观整合的研究视角，也对提升企业生产经营效率、实现经济高质量发展具有启示意义。     

社保投入有利于企业提高劳动生产率吗？——基于“中国企业—劳动力匹配调查”数据的实证研究

现有文献认为,社保投入对企业劳动生产率存在成本效应、激励效应两种不同的影响。由于大样本数据的缺乏,现阶段对于社会保险企业投入的讨论大多停留在其对企业生产的抑制效应。然而,本文运用随机分层抽样的"中国企业-劳动力匹配调查"(CEES)数据,就社保投入对于企业劳动生产率的影响效应、影响机制进行了创新性地实证研究。基准回归表明,在充分剔除选择性偏误的前提下,社保投入对于劳动生产率的激励效应更强。随着人均社保投入每增加10%,企业劳动生产率平均提高3.5%。进一步地,实证研究发现:人力资本、创新精神与管理效率是社保投入对于企业劳动生产率产生激励效应的重要渠道;其中,与人力资本、创新精神相比,管理效率更为重要。与大部分基于发达经济体微观数据的实证研究有所不同,本文发现:对于现阶段我国经济而言,社保投入对企业生产要素投入的成本挤出效应并不明显,社会保险通过激励员工从而促进企业生产率的发展。     

地方政府债务、数字金融与企业创新——基于创新异质性视角

利用2014-2020年中国制造业上市公司微观数据及地级市层面地方政府债务、数字金融发展水平数据，采用面板回归模型研究了地方政府债务与企业整体创新及异质性创新活动的关系，并考察了数字金融在其中发挥的调节作用。实证结果表明：（1）整体上看，地方政府债务对企业创新产生了挤出效应。（2）相对于开发式创新，地方政府债务对企业探索式创新的挤出效应更强。（3）数字金融能缓解地方政府债务对企业整体创新、探索式创新的挤出效应，而对于地方政府债务与开发式创新的关系不产生影响。本文的研究成果为深入认识地方政府债务对企业创新的影响以及如何科学制定债务管理措施、提高企业创新水平提供了经验证据。     

管理提升了企业劳动生产率吗?——来自中国企业——劳动力匹配调查的经验证据

与现有文献多从人力资本、技术进步等宏观结构性因素出发研究劳动生产率增长问题有所不同,本文基于2015~2016年"中国企业—劳动力匹配调查"(CEES)数据,就管理效率这一重要的微观因素对我国企业劳动生产率增长的影响效应、影响机制进行了稳健地实证检验。运用OLS、PSM和IV等估计策略,本文研究发现:管理效率对劳动生产率增长具有显著的正向因果效应,管理效率每提升10%,其对劳动生产率增长的边际贡献约为14.2%。影响机制分析表明,与"低管理效率"分组企业相比,"高管理效率"分组企业在人力资本质量、物质资本质量、产品质量竞争力、内部知识分享等方面表现更优,上述4个因素是管理效率促进劳动生产率提升的重要渠道。本文的研究结论对于我国企业提升劳动生产率具有重要的政策启示。     

企业员工离职现状分析及对策

随着中国市场经济的深入发展,企业员工的离职率逐年上升,如果员工的流动过于频繁,甚至引发流动面过大的"蝴蝶效应",就会对企业产生不利影响。本文归纳出了5种具有代表性的企业员工离职意向影响因素,并重点分析了这些影响因素的形成原因,提出了有针对性的对策措施。     

基于人力资本参与分配的员工激励

通过对人力资本概念的阐述,揭示出人力资本的内涵与外延,指出人力资本有效计量为人力资本参与分配提供了可能,进而对员工起到了产权激励和企业文化激励。     

股权激励对象选择模型分析

股权激励对象应该选择那些对企业剩余利润产出最具影响力的员工.在不同的生产组织方式下,影响企业剩余产出的关键人力资本也不同,只有将掌握关键人力资本的员工作为股权激励对象,才能提高企业效率.在不同的生产组织方式下,掌握核心人力资本的员工有三种:掌握关键管理技能的人力资本所有者--经理人,掌握核心技术的人力资本所有者--核心技术人员和能够有效构建企业内部合作理念的人力资本所有者--组织中的领头人(leader).     

论企业人力资本道德素质培养

在人类社会逐步迈入知识经济时代，经济活动进一步全球化与信息化的条件，作为知识载体的人力资本对国家经济和企业发展的重要性己日显突出。国家企业实力的较量归根结底已转变为人才的竞争和较量。只有不断地提高员工的质水平和创新能力，企业才能在日趋激烈的竞争环境中立于不败之地。员工培作为一种提升企业员工素质水平和增加人力资本储量的有效途径，己受到越来多企业高层的重视和青睐。     

实施ESOP的民营科技企业组织承诺研究

民营科技企业员工普遍具有较高的专业水平和深厚的专业知识积淀，富有创新意识，企业的业绩在很大程度上取决于员工人力资本的贡献。企业通过实施员工持股计划（ESOP）吸引、留住员工，提升员工组织承诺，激励他们采取与企业目标长期一致行为，提高企业的效率，增加企业的价值。     

企业年金的微观经济效应探究

企业年金在企业员工的招募与甄选中产生积极效应,有利于稳定企业人才队伍,提高员工素质,提高劳动生产率,对改善员工生活质量、培养员工自我保障意识以及刺激微观主体的消费具有正面效应。但企业年金也可能使员工收入差距拉大,出现道德风险,降低劳动力市场效率。政府要确保企业年金差别待遇,并兼顾公平,加强企业年金受益人权利的保护,规避道德风险,加强有关立法,明晰企业年金产权,适当更改企业年金的账户转移方式,加强企业年金与资本市场的结合。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Defining Spirituality of Work

There is a current surge of writings on spirituality and related topics. For instance, Woodward (1997) has pointed out that since Thomas Moore's publication of Care of the Soul in 1994 there have been nearly 800books published with the word soul in the title. These run all the way from Chicken Soup for theWoman's Soul (Canfield et al., 1996) to A Guide to Liberating YourSoul (Barrett, 1995). Spirituality of work is a big part of this surge. Definitionsof spirituality of work seem to vary widely. Bowman (1998, p. 8) in his `reviewof the phenomenon of spirituality of work' found `Definitions of the term spirituality in the context of the Spirituality of Work troublesome and particularly subjective. Many writers do not even attempt definitions.' The purpose of this article is to review the concept of spirituality of work in its historical and current use and to propose a comprehensive definition.     

WebStress: a web interface to explore a multidatabase bibliographic corpus on occupational stress

A bibliographic study on a multidisciplinary subject, such as occupational stress, requires a multidatabase query facility. Given this, we searched eight databases belonging to different fields (medicine, psychology, etc.) and from different countries. Thus, more than 26000 references on occupational stress were gathered. A bibliographic corpus of this sort is unusable because of the heterogeneous format of the records and the number of duplicate entries. Considering the limitations of commercial programs, we have developed a system, called WebStress, for reformatting the data and removing duplicates. The huge number of references and the research needs of updating and searching have necessitated the addition of several other functions to WebStress. Therefore WebStress comprises a web interface that makes it possible to search the corpus with advanced features (using clustering, a specialized thesaurus on stress and Boolean queries). In addition to the usual bibliographic queries on a specific database such as Medline, WebStress provides bibliometric analysis of the corpus, which might contribute to a detailed analysis on occupational stress in order to highlight the networks of researchers and to find the main topics studied in this area. WebStress is not yet available to researchers in general. It is being further developed, and also permission needs to be obtained from the eight commercial bibliographic databases that it consults.     

The impact of a participatory organizational intervention on job stress in community health care institutions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term participatory intervention in health care institutions in Norway on workers' control, other job characteristics, job stress, subjective health and job satisfaction. Participants (including managers and supervisors) were randomly allocated to intervention groups and to a control group. Actions to solve problems based on the employees' own perceptions of the main problems were seen as the key motivators for organizational improvement and increased control at the task and office level in the work situation. The main stressors identified by the participants in this study were lack of information, communication and respect between professions, as well as the need for professional and personal development. The participatory intervention had a positive, but limited effect on work-related stress, job characteristics, learning climate and management style, and seemed to have started a beneficial change process. There were no negative short-term effects on work-related stress and job demands. Organizational interventions may be a potential training ground for acquiring participatory skills and resources, and if sustained after the intervention period, they can have long-term effects on problem solving, job stress and employee satisfaction.     

Circadian Rhythm and the Business Person

Each human being has an internal timekeeping mechanism. To date, over 100 so-called circadian rhythms have been detected. Perhaps the most significant is body temperature. There is an apparent connection between this rhythm and the efficiency with which we do things in the course of the working day. Within individuals, patterns have been discovered which give credence to the popular notions of a morning or an afternoon person, and so on. Our memory changes from morning to afternoon: short-term memory is stronger in the morning, and long-term memory stronger in the afternoon; in schools, morning students have higher grades than students who have other time-of-day preferences. Therefore, a strong case can be made in support of flexible time schedules. It is reported that productivity went up on the introduction of such a scheme. Employee stress has been seen to decline also. When flextime was offered, parents with small children took advantage of the benefit as well as unmarried employees. The only drawback is ensuring that, with so many individual variations in preferences, the needs of the company are fully met. If such a scheme can be devised, however, the research suggests that productivity and efficiency will increase.     

Social construction of work stress: Australian newsprint media portrayal of stress at work, 1997-98

Public understanding of health issues is influenced by the social and political interests of those who gather the information and by the media which disseminates it. This has implications for lay people's beliefs about work stress and has potentially serious personal implications in terms of recognizing, reacting to, and reporting stress in the workplace (Furnham, 1997). The somewhat ambiguous nature of work stress renders it vulnerable to political, social and economic manipulation. This study explores how the issue of work stress is represented in the Australian newsprint media. Fifty-one work-related articles from all major Australian newspapers from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997 were selected if 'stress' appeared in the headline. The articles were examined for dominant ideologies and themes. Attention was given to the language used to describe stress, the intended audience, and the voices represented in the articles. Results showed that work stress is represented in the media as an economically costly epidemic, as an outcome of unfavourable work conditions but with individual remedies, and as primarily situated within the public sector. The main voice represented in the media was that of the unions. The reproduction of work stress as a public sector phenomenon serves the interests of public sector unions, the newspapers, and the managers of private sector workers and is not consistent with available workers' compensation data (which is itself problematic).     

Is Risk Analysis Scientific?

This article discusses to what extent risk analysis is scientific in view of a set of commonly used definitions and criteria. We consider scientific knowledge to be characterized by its subject matter, its success in developing the best available knowledge in its fields of study, and the epistemic norms and values that guide scientific investigations. We proceed to assess the field of risk analysis according to these criteria. For this purpose, we use a model for risk analysis in which science is used as a base for decision making on risks, which covers the five elements evidence, knowledge base, broad risk evaluation, managerial review and judgment, and the decision; and that relates these elements to the domains experts and decisionmakers, and to the domains fact‐based or value‐based. We conclude that risk analysis is a scientific field of study, when understood as consisting primarily of (i) knowledge about risk‐related phenomena, processes, events, etc., and (ii) concepts, theories, frameworks, approaches, principles, methods and models to understand, assess, characterize, communicate, and manage risk, in general and for specific applications (the instrumental part).     

A new lease for life? The return of vitalism in management and organization studies

This paper starts from a growing interest in the concept of concern, lived experience or “inhabiting” as part of the so-called “affective turn”. My main argument is that the notion of concern cannot be thought or understood without the concept of life. The concept of life, however, is somewhat of a taboo topic in the social sciences. I hold, nevertheless, that in order to reflect on their assumptions and to define concern for their own studies, scholars need to think about life and make a choice regarding the various approaches that can be taken. I therefore present and compare four vitalist approaches: romanticism and Lebensphilosophie, vitalism as ethos and pathos, neuroecosociality as well as vitalism as becoming.     

Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees' strain and job satisfaction: a context-dependent approach

The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires, and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees' strain responses was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process.