风险管理在电力建设工程项目管理中的应用研究

风险管理是指人们对于潜在的意外损失进行辨识和评估，并根据具体情况采用相应措施进行处理的过程。电力工程项目必须对自身所处的环境、面临的风险进行分析，以减少对电力企业的影响。本文首先介绍了电力建设工程风险管理的概念，然后具体分析了电力建设项目管理的风险识别、风险评估和风险控制方法。     

基于用户需求的大型管理信息系统项目风险管理模型探析

风险管理可以有效降低不确定事件对于大型软件项目的不利影响，而其中一个重要的因素是用户需求管理。本文梳理了大型软件项目开发过程中由于用户需求的不确定性而带来的风险，构建了基于用户需求的大型管理信息系统项目风险管理模型，并且提出了与之相适应的风险识别、分析方法和应对措施。     

国际工程承包风险预警系统的实证研究

国际工程承包风险预警系统是国际工程承包商通过建立风险评估体系和进行风险控制来预防、化解风险的发生,将风险造成的损失降到最低的有效手段.国际工程承包风险预警系统包含了3个模块,分别为风险识别分析、风险预警和风险规避对策.风险识别模块是系统地对风险相关事件进行挖掘与分类的过程;在对风险进行识别和分析的基础上,风险预警模块的主要任务是确定风险预警的指标体系,将某一风险指标的得分与事先确定的预警范围相互比较,对超出警戒范围的风险因素进行预警,并运用数学方法建立综合评价模型,测算出各种指标对国际工程承包的综合作用情况,得出该国际工程承包项目的风险程度;风险对策模块针对发出预警信号的风险因素分析其性质,寻找应对的方法,使承包商尽量规避风险,减少甚至不遭受损失.     

企业IT项目风险评估与规避策略研究

结合企业竞争性战略思想构建了一个企业IT项目风险评估与规避模型,建立了企业IT项目风险评估的指标体系,在对湖北省128家企业信息化项目与风险现状调查研究的基础上对风险因素进行了分类、测度和评估,得出了战略与风险的内在关系,并根据风险评估结果分析了企业战略执行的效果。最后,对高风险的企业IT项目提出了一套风险规避策略并进行应用。结果表明,计划与控制风险对各种企业IT项目执行的竞争性战略均有显著影响,采取不同战略的企业,影响其IT项目开发的风险各不相同,选择风险规避的策略与时机也存在差异。     

IUD首发重大事项社会风险评估指标体系

近年来，出于拆迁等社会矛盾的加剧带来的维稳压力，一些地方开始探索建立社会稳定风险评估机制，在重大事项的论证过程中，综合考虑评估其社会稳定风险。四川省遂宁市、江苏省淮安市都是国内较早探索社会稳定风险评估机制的城市。     

基于悉尼歌剧院项目的风险管理研究

将风险管理计划纳入建设项目工程中,有助于综合考虑各种潜在的不利因素,评估这些不利因素导致事件发生的可能性以及对项目实施的影响,并找到降低风险乃至解决问题的方法。本文识别了悉尼歌剧院项目可能面临的各种风险,分析了导致项目失败的主要因素,并运用风险管理理论提出了风险应对措施,旨在降低风险损失,最后文章对悉尼歌剧院项目进行了整体评价。     

研发项目过程风险管理方法综合集成问题研究

针对研发(R&D)项目过程风险特征,重点研究和提出了解决研发(R&D)项目过程风险的"模糊-事件树-故障树"综合集成定量方法,并采用算术平均数方法和加权几何平均数方法修正了"模糊-事件树"与"模糊-故障树"综合集成问题。通过实证研究表明,该定量方法能够有效地解决研发项目过程风险实际问题。     

浅谈高校内部审计资源分配的最优化模型

本文通过对高校内部审计项目的风险评估分析,创建了包含项目组织风险及管理需要的综合风险评估矩阵,并在所有单个项目的综合风险评估矩阵上建立了0-1整数规划,从运筹学定量的角度去研究最优的审计资源分配方案,以实现在有限的审计资源条件下,怎样对审计资源进行分配,使所有项目的总体风险暴露最小。     

电力行业投融资风险分析与评估

电力行业风险投融资是一种电力行业的投融资方式,投入到处于开发阶段的电力项目后,通过资金、管理方面的支持和辅导,使电力行业企业取得高速增长,待其成熟壮大后,通过出售股份、上市转让、产权交易等方式实现高效益。对电力行业企业的投融资事业各阶段的事业特性、目标、风险等所作的总体分析,目的在于全面理解投融资各阶段的活动内容、评估要点、对预期报酬率、投融资分布、股权比重等方面的影响。本文从电力行业的投融资风险评估特性、投融资风险因素分析和风险评估方法应用等几个方面进行了充分的论述与探讨。     

基于HHM-RFRM的船舶航行风险评估方法研究

船舶航行风险是由各种风险因素交互作用产生。综合 HHM-RFRM 理论，构建船舶航行多维风险情景危险度测度模型，以风险因素耦合视角探讨船舶航行风险管理问题。在船舶航行多维风险情景危险度测度模型中结合贝叶斯定理，对船舶航行风险情景进行了定性与定量化过滤、评级。最后以大连港某从事商务活动的货船为例，验证了所提出方法的可行性。传统的风险评估方法只能评估单个风险因素对系统的影响，此评估方法克服了这一局限性，为船舶航行风险管理提供新的视角。     

重大工程项目风险管理中的综合集成方法

随着我国计划经济体制向市场经济体制的逐步过渡,重大工程项目所面临的风险越来越大,加强对重大工程项目风险管理的理论研究和实际应用就显得非常重要。本文对重大工程项目中风险的特点进行了剖析,提出了以综合集成方法为指导对重大工程项目进行全寿命动态风险管理的观点,并对如何制订和实施项目风险管理计划作了具体分析。     

Project risk management using multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis: a case study of Indian oil refinery

This study proposes an integrated analytical framework for effective management of project risks using combined multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis. First, a conceptual risk management model was developed through thorough literature review. The model was then applied through action research on a petroleum oil refinery construction project in the Central part of India in order to demonstrate its effectiveness. Oil refinery construction projects are risky because of technical complexity, resource unavailability, involvement of many stakeholders and strict environmental requirements. Although project risk management has been researched extensively, practical and easily adoptable framework is missing. In the proposed framework, risks are identified using cause and effect diagram, analysed using the analytic hierarchy process and responses are developed using the risk map. Additionally, decision tree analysis allows modelling various options for risk response development and optimises selection of risk mitigating strategy. The proposed risk management framework could be easily adopted and applied in any project and integrated with other project management knowledge areas.     

Using Prior Risk‐Related Knowledge to Support Risk Management Decisions: Lessons Learnt from a Tunneling Project

The authors of this article have developed six probabilistic causal models for critical risks in tunnel works. The details of the models' development and evaluation were reported in two earlier publications of this journal. Accordingly, as a remaining step, this article is focused on the investigation into the use of these models in a real case study project. The use of the models is challenging given the need to provide information on risks that usually are both project and context dependent. The latter is of particular concern in underground construction projects. Tunnel risks are the consequences of interactions between site‐ and project‐ specific factors. Large variations and uncertainties in ground conditions as well as project singularities give rise to particular risk factors with very specific impacts. These circumstances mean that existing risk information, gathered from previous projects, is extremely difficult to use in other projects. This article considers these issues and addresses the extent to which prior risk‐related knowledge, in the form of causal models, as the models developed for the investigation, can be used to provide useful risk information for the case study project. The identification and characterization of the causes and conditions that lead to failures and their interactions as well as their associated probabilistic information is assumed to be risk‐related knowledge in this article. It is shown that, irrespective of existing constraints on using information and knowledge from past experiences, construction risk‐related knowledge can be transferred and used from project to project in the form of comprehensive models based on probabilistic‐causal relationships. The article also shows that the developed models provide guidance as to the use of specific remedial measures by means of the identification of critical risk factors, and therefore they support risk management decisions. Similarly, a number of limitations of the models are discussed.     

风险环境下企业信息系统项目控制对绩效的影响机制研究:基于项目经理和用户代表的双重视角

虽然当前项目管理水平不断提高,但是企业信息系统项目实施的成功率仍然不容乐观。项目干系人缺乏准确的相互认知和角色定位,以及风险与控制的关系无法有效处理是导致项目绩效偏低的重要原因。为了从不同视角探索风险和控制对企业信息系统项目绩效的共同作用,通过对65位项目经理和63位用户代表所经历的128个项目的调查,利用结构方程模型进行实证分析,并采用层次回归分析技术进行检验。实证结果表明,正式控制和非正式控制对信息系统项目绩效都具有积极的影响,但是项目经理认为正式控制具有更加重要的作用,而用户代表认为非正式控制的作用更为显著。此外,项目经理和用户代表均认为组织风险和技术风险会减弱正式和非正式控制对绩效的有效作用。因此在控制方式的选择和组合上不仅要基于项目自身的特点,而且要基于干系人的角色。同时,信息系统项目绩效并非单纯由成功或失败因素所决定,而是取决于两类因素的均衡程度。研究结论为信息系统项目的风险控制提供了全新的理论依据和决策支持。     

风险条件下研发项目改进DEA选择模型

研发项目是企业提高竞争力的关键，研发项目选择关系到企业的战略和未来发展趋势。研发项目在生命周期内面临技术风险、突发风险和市场风险，本文考虑到研发项目的风险特征，结合企业战略，构建了基于效率排序的研发项目选择模型。首先，本文对研发项目的有效性和相对于其它备选项目的相对优势进行分析；然后针对数据包络分析模型排序的不足，结合平衡计分卡理念，规范研发项目投入的比例，引入实物期权理论，改进数据包络分析模型，实现了对研发项目的效率排序；最后通过实际算例对模型进行验证、横向对比和敏感性分析，结果表明：相对于标准数据包络分析模型，本文提出的模型具有更高的效率区分度，并且能够敏感地捕捉到研发项目投入和产出的变化对效率影响的演变过程。     

Risk,Process Maturity,and Project Performance: An Empirical Analysis of US Federal Government Technology Projects

In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on the US federal government to reduce spending and improve the management of its technology projects. Mitigating the adverse impact of risks on the performance of these projects presents a significant challenge for its stakeholders. Our research examines this challenge in two steps. First, we identify and define a set of salient risks in federal technology projects—specifically, complexity risk and contracting risk in the planning process, and execution risk in the execution process. Next, we investigate whether higher levels of process maturity, assessed by the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework, mitigate the negative effect of project risks on project performance. The analysis of time‐series data collected from 82 federal technology projects across 519 quarterly time periods indicates that each of the three types of risks has a significant negative effect on project performance. This finding highlights the practical significance of managing these risks in the federal technology project context. Further, we find that increasing levels of process maturity attenuate the negative effect of project risks on the performance of federal technology projects. However, the attenuation effects are consequential only at high levels of project risks; at low levels of project risk, increasing levels of process maturity can adversely affect project performance. To demonstrate the financial implications of increasing process maturity levels in federal technology projects, we examine the magnitude of project cost savings (and overruns) across different levels of CMMI and project risks. In summary, our study contributes to the sparse literature on public sector operations by addressing the understudied context of federal technology projects, and provides a nuanced examination of the implications of process maturity in managing the risk to performance relationship in such projects.     

考虑保险机构参与的重大工程风险管理激励模型

重大工程建设过程往往面临着巨大的风险暴露，保险是重要的风险处置手段，承接保险合同的保险机构和业主一起成为风险损失的承担主体。考虑到保险机构拥有极强参与现场风险管理的动能，本文基于委托代理理论构建了保险机构介入下业主与承包商的激励模型，分别讨论了共同代理和独家代理两种模式下各方的策略与收益。研究结果表明：共同代理模式下，保险机构实现了主动风险管理，业主和保险机构的收益均得以提高，业主愿意提供比独家代理模式更高的激励系数；承包商在共同代理模式下将采取更为积极的风险管理努力，同时其机会主义行为得到了抑制；业主的最优激励系数受项目特征、承包商自身因素以及外界环境的不确定性共同作用。     

Bewertung intertemporaler Abh?ngigkeiten zwischen IT-Projekten

Companies often decide in favour of IT investments (especially IT infrastructure investments) only because these investments build the foundation for more lucrative follow-up investments. Those intertemporal interdependencies among IT projects have to be considered within the scope of a value-based IT portfolio management. Therefore, current literature suggests the use of real options analysis??and therefore the application of option pricing models such as the binomial model or the Black-Scholes model. Both models require a complete market. However, because IT projects are characterized by project specific risks, which cannot be duplicated on a capital market, the forthright application of these models is problematic. This issue has been addressed within the scope of the discrete binomial model so far. In this paper we transfer these findings to the Black-Scholes model. Furthermore, we apply this approach to a real case and illustrate how a correct consideration of project specific risks using the Black-Scholes model can affect investment decisions.     

Implementing the right project structure to achieve coopetitive innovation projects

This research focuses on the project structure used by coopetitors to achieve common innovation projects. Scholars have recently identified an original but complex project structure that they call the Coopetitive Project Team (CPT). However, other project structures can also be implemented by coopetitors to achieve innovation. Therefore, we address the following question: for which types of innovation projects is CPT appropriate? We argue that coopetitors need to use CPT for high-risk and high-cost projects when the aim is to develop radical innovation. CPT allows coopetitors not only to develop innovation capabilities through close resource and knowledge sharing but also to manage the risk of opportunism. Conversely, coopetitors should use another project structure, Separated Project Teams (SPTs), for low-cost and low-risk projects when the aim is to develop incremental innovation. The SPT design allows coopetitors both to achieve the goal of the project and to minimize the risk of opportunism. To confirm our assumptions, we studied the project portfolios of Airbus and Thales, two firms in the space satellite industry. Our findings confirm that coopetitors should implement CPTs to handle innovation projects that are costly, risky and highly innovative. CPTs permit the sharing of knowledge and the management of high opportunism risk, both of which are necessary to achieve radical innovation. Conversely, coopetitors rely on SPTs for low-cost projects that require a low degree of knowledge sharing, thus avoiding the risk of opportunism in achieving their incremental innovation objectives.