基于动态能力的企业战略模式研究

在当前激烈的竞争环境中,传统的资源观及核心能力在现实的企业战略管理中已经存在了明显的不足,动态能力的形成以及从中获得持续的竞争优势才是当代企业竞争战略所要关注的焦点。本文从动态能力视角出发,分析了动态能力观、动态能力形成演化过程以及动态能力战略模式与传统战略模式的区别,进而探讨企业如何培养动态能力的战略思维及战略模式,从而确保企业在动态环境下生存、发展和持续创新。     

管理认知与动态环境下企业竞争优势:万和集团案例研究

本文基于有限理性思想,探讨动态环境下,高层管理者管理认知在企业获取并保持其竞争优势中的作用,建立包括环境变化、管理认知、战略行为、组织能力演化与企业绩效关系的研究框架.利用访谈、内部文本、外部文献等多重数据建立质性研究资料库;在质性资料基础上构建案例企业环境、认知、战略行为与组织能力的因果图;利用因果图,通过案例分析考察万和集团在动态环境下的管理认知、战略行为和组织能力.以此验证所提出的研究命题并得出结论:动态环境下,高层管理者是有限理性的,其管理认知对企业战略行为与组织能力演化有直接和关键性的影响.随后,论文延申探讨了制度因素作用于企业战略决策的途径和动态能力研究中高层管理者的作用.     

战略过程：一个基于决策的数理模型

以标准的战略管理过程模型为基础,将战略过程解释为战略状态的演变过程,其中战略状态变化被解释为战略决策和外生随机扰动共同作用的结果,应用随机动态规划模型化战略决策理性。结果表明,采用动态规划技术不仅可以确定战略状态的价值(竞争优势)与相应的最优战略制定决策和战略实施决策序列,还可以识别战略过程中的信息揭示对企业价值(竞争优势)的影响。这些结果在一定程度上逻辑一致地支持了战略管理中以理性决策为基本假设的设计学派和计划学派的观点。     

面向动态完全竞争构建多维协同组合战略

现有战略管理理论以不完全竞争市场为前提条件,因而越来越难以应对日益激烈的超竞争环境.有甚于此,笔者的研究发现,在技术进步和收入增长效应足够大的情况下,传统上认定不会出现完全竞争的差别产品最终也会出现每个企业都按边际成本定价的动态完全竞争.面向动态完全竞争的战略管理的基本任务随之转为运用介观视野去发现并实施具备多维协同组合特性的新的商务模式,同时做到差异准确、成本领先、反应敏捷和分享得力.     

企业竞争战略与知识管理战略动态匹配与共同演化:以李宁公司为例

以演化理论为基础,以李宁公司为案例研究对象,研究中国企业成长过程中的竞争战略与知识管理战略、知识管理能力构建之间的动态匹配与共同演化机制。研究发现:企业竞争战略的改变引起了知识管理战略的相应调整,以及知识管理流程重点和知识管理基础设施的变化;知识的积累和知识管理能力的提升又有助于企业竞争战略转型。     

基于不确定性博弈分析的企业战略思维模式

新的市场环境和竞争态势促使企业更加重视自身的长期发展战略及当前竞争战略，本文从企业战略的制定机理出发，以战略及战略思维模式的比较研究为基础，结合目前市场竞争多点化、白热化和动态化特征以及企业内在条件的变化等因素，探讨了基于不确定性博弈分析的企业战略管理思维模式，在此基础上给出新战略思维模式的表现，并对该思维模式指导下企业战略制定过程中所遇到的问题做了进一步阐述。     

整合市场战略与非市场战略的战略管理模型——基于中国房地产行业的研究

随着企业非市场因素在竞争中发挥出越来越显著的作用,将非市场环境分析及战略制定纳入企业战略管理过程中,并探讨其与市场环境及战略整合的特点,成为企业战略管理研究的新方向.在对中国转型经济时期典型房地产企业的非市场战略进行案例分析的基础上,研究中国转型经济环境下典型的非市场事项管理及相应的企业非市场战略特征,并试图从战略管理的角度出发,构建企业非市场因素与传统战略规划过程的整合模式.研究的结论补充了关于市场战略与非市场战略整合的相关研究,为中国转型时期企业如何在战略管理过程中纳入非市场环境评估及相应的战略制定与实施提供了理论模型与实例支持,对企业战略管理实践有指导作用.     

浅析战略成本管理在制造型企业中的应用——以京东方光电公司为例

在竞争激烈的现代市场环境中,企业为了生存下去就必须以战略为导向提升其内部管理能力,创造和保持竞争优势。传统成本管理无法提供创造和保持竞争优势的信息,为了适应管理层的需要,传统成本管理亟需变革,因此战略成本管理应运而生。本文通过传统成本管理与战略成本管理对比,突出实施战略成本管理的必要性。同时,本文结合以上理论基础,对战略成本管理在北京京东方光电科技有限公司(下面简称"京东方光电")中的实际应用进行分析,提出诸多方法和建议。相信本文的研究对京东方光电未来的长足发展具有一定的借鉴意义,同时我们也希望战略成本管理在制造型企业中的应用可以提高企业内部管理的能力,使其能够在激烈的竞争环境中发展壮大。     

"排球模式"对企业人力资源管理的启示

该文从人才战略、训练策略和团队精神三方面深刻地剖析了"排球模式"的内涵,并将其与企业人力资源管理结合起来,为企业的人力资源管理工作提供借鉴。     

动态能力如何影响企业绩效——基于中国企业的实证研究

本研究以中国企业为样本对动态能力如何影响企业绩效的问题进行了分析和探讨。数据分析结果表明,战略过程对动态能力与企业绩效的正向作用关系具有明显的中介作用。但是,不同的动态能力维度对绩效的不同方面影响程度也不同,动态外部协调能力对企业绩效各个方面影响的显著程度在所有维度中最为突出,是企业在超竞争环境中树立竞争优势的关键。此外,动态能力构成维度间的路径关系表明,动态信息利用能力在企业动态适应外部环境变化过程中具有非常重要的节点作用,是企业培育动态能力路径的关键。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials

Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme's Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical-chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model-based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations.