不同带宽ISP的定价博弈与结盟动因分析

不同带宽的网络接入服务商(ISP)需要有不同的定价策略.在消费者的单位时间成本不同情况下,分析了网络接入商的定价博弈.通过比较静态和动态的纳什均衡价格与收益,得到了接入服务商的先动优势,也得到了技术进步对宽带接入的有利性.然后分析了形成价格联盟后的最优定价,得出了不同带宽的接入服务商之间具有形成价格联盟的激励的结论,并使窄带接入退出市场.最后探讨了结成价格联盟以后社会总福利的变化情况,指出这种结盟对于社会整体来说是无益的.     

组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响分析

将组内网络效应引入双边市场定价模型中,研究组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场定价策略问题,突出分析组内网络效应对双边平台企业定价策略的影响;建立两阶段的定价博弈模型,得到组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场竞争价格均衡。研究结果表明,组内网络外部性强度对消费者价格和厂商价格的影响取决于双边用户接入平台后的市场结构,即在双边用户单平台接入市场结构和厂商多平台接入的竞争性瓶颈结构下,组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响是不相同的;在这两种市场结构下,双边平台竞争获得的利润水平与组内网络外部性成正比,与组间网络外部性成反比。同时,双边用户的价格在单平台接入和多平台接入的市场结构下的大小关系取决于厂商组内网络外部性的强度。     

O2O模式下服务商的价格和时间决策

研究了拥有实体渠道的服务商是否应该开通O2O渠道和开通O2O渠道后服务商应该如何定价和确定服务水平的问题。首先，考虑实体渠道的等待时间对消费者效用的影响，构建了消费者渠道选择模型，得到了服务商具有定价权时服务商的渠道策略和定价策略，结果表明，消费者对实体店的等待时间的敏感度高于对价格的敏感度。其次，把价格作为常量，考虑等待时间对服务商成本的影响，研究了不具有定价权时服务商的渠道策略和服务水平策略，结果表明只有在O2O渠道价格较低和实体渠道的时间成本也较低时，服务商采用同时开通两个渠道的策略。     

基于闭环数据供应链的数据产品定价策略研究

近年来随着大数据的广泛应用，个人与企业数据快速增长，数据成为公司的重要资产。数据交易的快速发展，为数据供应商和数据服务商带来了新的商业契机，同时也对数据定价机制提出了新的挑战。闭环数据供应链是由终端用户、数据供应商和数据服务商构成，也是数据交易的主要利益相关者。本研究针对闭环数据供应链的数据产品定价策略问题，分析不同利益相关者的数据交易过程，提出基于闭环数据供应链的集中定价、分散定价和收益共享三种不同数据定价模型；讨论不同数据定价策略对终端用户提供个人的数据质量、规模与激励的影响；得到不同定价策略下的最优定价、数据供应商与数据服务商的收益以及消费者剩余；为数据定价及利益相关者提供有效的决策依据。     

基于服务质量保证策略的定价、补偿和缺陷承诺

分析了基于服务质量保证策略的定价、补偿和缺陷承诺问题。运用比较静态分析分别求解服务商基于自身利润最大化的最优服务价格、最优单位质量缺陷补偿成本和最优质量缺陷承诺。通过数值分析,验证了所提出的服务商最优决策的有效性。     

三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究

考虑物流外包和废品回收的双重作用,本文将TPL服务商的正向和逆向服务价格定量引入到三级闭环供应链系统,在不同的物流服务状态和产品回收状态下,以TPL服务商为主导企业.构造了RT-CLSC和MT-CLSC两种不同回收模式下的闭环供应链模型,在非合作模型中根据博弈理论和不同的物流状态和回收模式给出了CLSC内部成员的定价策略,提出了制造商实施正向物流外包和逆向物流外包的临界条件.在两种回收模式下,依据不同的逆向物流状态,分析了制造商自身进行废旧品回收和委托零售商进行废品回收的临界条件.最后通过数值算例描述了TPL服务商的服务成本和零售商的回收成本对制造商决策的影响.     

共生联盟模式下制造企业与物流企业均衡利润分配研究

针对制造企业与物流企业组成的共生系统,研究共生联盟形成前后能量的变化.分别探讨制造商价格不变和重新定价2种定价模式下共生单元之间均衡稳定的最优利润分配.比较2种模式下的利润分配参数、共生系统以及各共生单元的能量变化.算例分析结果表明,在重新定价模式下,物流企业获得的利润分配参数较小,但共生系统和共生单元的能量增加较多,物流企业的总能量增大.     

软件保护对软件平台商双边定价策略的影响研究

为刻画软件平台商的软件知识产权保护行为对软件平台商双边价格策略的影响,本文在综合考虑消费者和应用软件开发者不同平台接入行为以及软件平台商寡头竞争市场结构的基础上,构建了软件平台商寡头竞争的Hotelling模型,比较分析了在消费者与应用软件开发者不同平台接入行为下,软件平台商的软件保护行为对其双边用户的定价策略的影响关系。研究结果发现,在双边用户单平台接入下,消费者接入费和应用软件开发者授权费都取决于自身的交叉网络效应强度;而软件平台商软件保护力度越大,消费者接入费将越低,应用软件开发者授权费将越高。在消费者单平台接入、应用软件开发者多平台接入条件下,消费者的接入费与双边用户的交叉网络效应强度都呈负相关关系,而应用软件开发者的授权费与消费者的交叉网络效应强度呈正相关关系,而与自身的交叉网络效应强度呈负相关关系;软件平台商软件保护力度越大,应用软件开发者授权费也将越高,而对消费者接入费的影响取决于两边用户所产生的交叉网络边际效应的对比。这些结论对软件平台商的软件保护、平台定价等行为有着重要的指导借鉴意义。     

基于顾客消费信息的网络定价分析与仿真

本文通过仿真的方法研究了两种不同的定价策略对消费者网络消费需求的影响。在网络供应市场上,我们建立一个价格竞争的伯川德双垄断模型:一个网络提供商对其提供的网络服务采用固定定价,另一网络提供商采用两部分定价策略——固定链接费加使用费。基于中国社会调查事务(SSIC)的调查数据,我们采用随机数生成的方法来产生每一位消费者的消费额与消费时间,通过建立消费者效用模型来仿真在两种不同定价策略下消费者的消费选择,比较了不同价格策略对网络提供商收入、消费者行为及社会总福利的影响。     

物流外包和废品回收双重作用下的TPL-CLSC定价和协调策略

考虑物流外包和废旧品回收的共同作用,本文根据供应链节点企业和TPL服务商所处的市场特征,在不同的系统状态之下,建立了以第三方物流服务商为主导的闭环供应链(TPL-CLSC)定价模型,应用博弈理论研究并分析了TPL-CLSC的有效定价机制,给出了供应链节点企业实施正向和逆向物流外包的条件。为促使TPL-CLSC成员有效的合作,文章建立了三种不同的协调机制。最后,应用数值分析探讨了TPL-CLSC的定价机制和协调策略的可行性。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials

Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme's Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical-chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model-based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.