集群新进企业知识管理策略研究

集群的发展离不开新企业个体的加入,同时企业也需要加入各类集群,以从集群中汲取各类知识,新企业所处知识基础状态不同,集群知识协同水平不同,使新企业知识增长效应也不同.从企业微观视角出发,在抽象简化集群知识流动机制基础上,构建集群知识流动模型和新进企业策略模型,利用仿真分析研究不同环境条件下不同知识管理策略对新进企业知识增长水平的影响效应.研究结果表明,现实世界中大多数集群网络结构对新进企业知识水平增长影响有限;知识优先策略具有最优的知识管理绩效,具有较高吸收能力的企业应优先采用知识优先策略;集群吸收能力和扩散能力显著影响新进企业的知识水平,新进企业应优先选择加入具有较高吸收能力和扩散能力的集群;当新进企业知识水平低于集群平均知识水平时,新进企业应采取跟从策略,当新进企业知识水平高于集群平均知识水平时则应采取自主创新策略.     

人力资源管理中良好心理契约的构建

市场经济条件下,市场环境的变化速度日益加快,对雇佣关系的灵活性要求越来越高,具有非明文性或暗示性特点的心理契约开始在企业的人力资源管理策略中扮演越来越重要的角色。文章以心理契约的相关理论为基础对企业人力资源管理的策略进行了分析研究。     

组织公平对雇佣不安全的缓冲各维度公平对员工态度、行为的不同作用

随着外部竞争跟环境日趋激烈,企业雇佣关系越来越灵活和多样化,雇佣不安全成为工作场所最重要的压力之一。雇佣不安全会影响员工的工作动机,也对企业造成了潜在威胁。根据不确定管理理论的观点,提高员工的公平感能够缓解雇佣不安全的负面影响。进一步了解各维度公平感的独特作用,能够从理论上更好的认识组织公平的作用机制,也有助于企业在实践工作中更有针对性的改善员工的公平感。     

中国情境下的战略复杂性驱动因素研究:管理者认知视角的分析

从认知视角考察了管理者感知的环境特征及设定的战略导向对不同战略复杂性形成的驱动作用.结果表明:在中国情境下,当管理者感知环境复杂性程度较高时,客户战略复杂性和竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者感知到环境动态性较高时,竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者设定前瞻者战略导向或分析者战略导向时,客户战略复杂性和竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者设定了防御者战略导向或反应者战略导向时,客户战略复杂性有可能降低,但对竞争战略复杂性影响不大.该结论验证了当前转型经济背景下的企业战略复杂性的驱动因素,为探讨战略复杂性产生的研究提供了理论补充和实践指导.     

技术创新与中小企业雇佣需求——基于员工技能结构的再审视

创新是经济持续增长的动力, 企业雇佣需求是维护社会稳定的基石.本研究结合中国经济发展转型的背景, 在区分产品创新与工艺创新的基础上, 通过数理模型推导, 分离出技术创新对中小制造业企业雇佣增长影响的直接途径与间接途径, 并利用2012年世界银行对中国中小企业运营环境的调查数据, 实证考察了中小企业技术创新对其雇佣增长的影响.研究结果表明, 技术创新不仅会通过工艺创新的“价格效应”与“生产率效应”以及产品创新的“市场效应”与“替代效应”四种直接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长, 还会通过“员工技能结构高级化”的间接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长.与国外研究不同的是, 对中国中小制造业企业而言, 工艺创新的“生产率效应”与产品创新的“替代效应”是阻碍其雇佣增长的主要途径;与国内研究不同的是, “员工技能结构高级化”是技术创新促进中国中小企业雇佣增长的重要途径.进一步研究发现, 技术创新对中低技术制造业企业雇佣增长的影响更为敏感.本研究从微观层面证实了技能偏向性技术进步对中国中小企业雇佣需求的重大影响, 同时也为缓解中国“就业难”与“招工难”的结构性问题提供了政策依据.     

民营企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素的多案例研究

近30年来，中国企业雇佣关系模式从传统的单一模式转变为工作导向和组织导向等多种模式并存。西方雇佣关系领域的研究和实践证实组织导向型雇佣关系模式是最优模式，然而中国情景下的众多企业倾向采取工作导向型。由于中国企业雇佣关系模式的形成过程与西方企业存在很大差异，西方学者的研究结论不能解释中国企业的现象，探讨中国情景下企业雇佣关系模式的关键影响因素具有必要性。 已有理论研究和管理实践侧重关注企业雇佣关系模式的结果变量，但对其形成的关键影响因素分析未给予足够重视。运用最佳实践、高阶理论等观点，从多角度搭建企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素及作用机制的分析框架；使用多案例研究方法，通过规范的质性分析技术，探讨广东省通信设备行业12家典型民营企业雇佣关系模式的关键影响因素及作用机制。 研究结果表明，①企业雇佣关系模式受到承诺型人力资源管理实践、控制型人力资源管理实践、企业家风险偏好、企业家成就需要、企业工会实践和制度环境6个关键因素的影响；②各关键因素对不同类型雇佣关系模式的影响存在差异性；③阐明4种类型雇佣关系模式关键影响因素的作用机制，并发现各关键影响因素的作用机制存在差异性。 在理论上，研究结果为探讨企业雇佣关系模式搭建了理论分析框架，丰富了雇佣关系模式前因变量方面的成果，拓展了研究空间，基于雇佣关系模式不同类型的划分描绘了企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素路径图，将搭建的理论分析框架进行具体化。在实践上，研究结果从企业和政府两个角度，为企业选择和调整适合中国企业发展的雇佣关系模式提供了对策建议。     

基于扎根理论的多元雇佣工作群体的雇佣身份断层与激活因素研究

以多元雇佣工作群体为研究对象,探讨了雇佣身份断层的内涵及状态;并依据扎根理论研究方法,通过访谈22名来自不同企业的11个多元雇佣工作群体的正式工和派遣工,探索了雇佣身份断层的激活因素.研究结果表明,激活雇佣身份断层的3个核心群体情境因素为人力资源政策差异、非正式员工的雇佣政策(包括雇佣期限和雇佣身份转换机制)和人际关系氛围.其中,人力资源政策差异和非正式员工的雇佣期限对雇佣身份断层有直接激活效应,雇佣身份转换机制和人际关系氛围则对两者的激活效应起到调节作用,并且上述直接和间接激活作用都通过雇佣身份这一社会类别的显著性中介得以实现.     

迷雾中的抉择:创新背景下企业管理者悖论应对策略与路径研究

随着企业创新活动的不断深入,管理者如何感知和应对悖论,从而进行有效的探索式创新与利用式创新的问题一直悬而未决。本文从意义建构视角出发,以公安部第三研究所作为案例研究对象,通过扎根理论分析建构出管理者悖论应对策略选择的具体过程。研究发现:(1)当管理者进行矛盾处理时,可以采取整合型和分离型两种应对策略。(2)管理者对于竞争需求的注意力配置影响其悖论应对策略选择。当管理者对竞争需求的注意力配置不平衡,将采取分离式悖论应对策略;当对竞争需求的注意力配置平衡时,管理者的悖论应对策略选择受到资源冗余程度的影响。(3)当注意力配置均衡时,管理者受资源冗余或匮乏两类情形影响会呈现出两种不同应对策略。当组织资源冗余时,管理者对于组织悖论感知较弱,会形成分离型悖论应对策略;而资源匮乏时,管理者对组织悖论的感知较强,但所采取的悖论应对策略受悖论思维的影响。(4)当管理者悖论的感知较强时,若管理者具有悖论思维,并产生积极型应对倾向,将采取整合型应对策略;若管理者不具有悖论思维,将产生防御型悖论应对倾向,采取分离型应对策略。本文研究成果丰富了领导行为相关理论,同时对管理者应对组织悖论具有指导意义。     

某国有大型建筑施工企业集团合同制员工分类雇佣模式路径探析

某国有大型建筑施工企业集团合同制员工单一、简单、粗放的雇佣关系管理范式对核心员工的留用、合格员工的管理、平庸员工的清退产生了不利的影响。因而,适时的对劳动合同制员工进行价值性和独特性分类,推进分类雇佣策略,进行劳动派遣制用工改造是合同制员工分类雇佣模式的有效路径。     

上下游市场存在竞争的企业集团转移定价研究

基于不对称的竞争环境,研究了企业集团的中间产品的转移定价问题,研究结果表明,中间产品的转移定价策略取决于上游子公司和上游竞争公司之间的不对称程度:当不对称程度较大时,企业集团应采取Hirshleifer的边际成本转移定价策略;当不对称程度较小时,企业集团应采取部分非中心化结构的转移定价策略。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Defining Spirituality of Work

There is a current surge of writings on spirituality and related topics. For instance, Woodward (1997) has pointed out that since Thomas Moore's publication of Care of the Soul in 1994 there have been nearly 800books published with the word soul in the title. These run all the way from Chicken Soup for theWoman's Soul (Canfield et al., 1996) to A Guide to Liberating YourSoul (Barrett, 1995). Spirituality of work is a big part of this surge. Definitionsof spirituality of work seem to vary widely. Bowman (1998, p. 8) in his `reviewof the phenomenon of spirituality of work' found `Definitions of the term spirituality in the context of the Spirituality of Work troublesome and particularly subjective. Many writers do not even attempt definitions.' The purpose of this article is to review the concept of spirituality of work in its historical and current use and to propose a comprehensive definition.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

WebStress: a web interface to explore a multidatabase bibliographic corpus on occupational stress

A bibliographic study on a multidisciplinary subject, such as occupational stress, requires a multidatabase query facility. Given this, we searched eight databases belonging to different fields (medicine, psychology, etc.) and from different countries. Thus, more than 26000 references on occupational stress were gathered. A bibliographic corpus of this sort is unusable because of the heterogeneous format of the records and the number of duplicate entries. Considering the limitations of commercial programs, we have developed a system, called WebStress, for reformatting the data and removing duplicates. The huge number of references and the research needs of updating and searching have necessitated the addition of several other functions to WebStress. Therefore WebStress comprises a web interface that makes it possible to search the corpus with advanced features (using clustering, a specialized thesaurus on stress and Boolean queries). In addition to the usual bibliographic queries on a specific database such as Medline, WebStress provides bibliometric analysis of the corpus, which might contribute to a detailed analysis on occupational stress in order to highlight the networks of researchers and to find the main topics studied in this area. WebStress is not yet available to researchers in general. It is being further developed, and also permission needs to be obtained from the eight commercial bibliographic databases that it consults.