后发复杂产品系统制造企业的技术演化:一个探索性案例研究

本文采用探索性嵌入式单案例研究,以北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司八类复杂产品系统的技术发展历程为分析单元,研究发现:后发复杂产品系统制造企业的技术系统包括架构、元件和测试技术,测试技术是联接架构与元件技术的纽带;从技术获取到自主研发,三类技术分别经历了引进、消化吸收、系列化,引进、国产化与周边元件改进、核心元件研发与元件改进,以及匹配性测试、周边元件性能与匹配性测试、元件性能与匹配性测试三个发展阶段。最后通过与"简单"产品制造企业技术演化特征的比较,提出后发复杂产品系统制造企业的技术演化具有架构与元件技术并行消化吸收、测试技术促进架构与元件技术发展、核心元件技术研发模式多样的特征。     

高端装备智能制造价值链的生产自组织与协同管理：设计制造一体化协同研发实践

新一代信息技术环境下，高端装备制造企业正在积极寻求和推动产品研制过程实现全球更大范围的物理空间、社会空间和信息空间中的数据串联、信息融合、业务协同和价值活动整合。作为一种以数据与模型集成融合为核心的新型制造服务模式，智能制造价值链成为数字化时代高端装备制造企业打造全新竞争优势的战略方向和核心途径。本文结合高端装备技术与管理深度融合的设计制造研发实践，探讨了高端装备设计制造一体化协同管理架构，从价值场景与工作场景两个维度揭示高端装备设计制造一体化协同流程的生成过程，分析了面向组织协同、资源协同、协同决策的生产自组织构建过程，为高端装备的协同创新和高质量研制提供理论方法支撑。     

新一代信息技术环境下高端装备智能制造工程管理理论与方法

工程管理是高端装备智能制造的核心科学与技术之一。新一代信息技术与高端装备制造业的深度融合，在推动高端装备制造业向数字化、网络化、智能化和服务化演进的同时，也引发了高端装备智能制造工程的组织方式和管理模式发生重大变革。本文从全球发达国家和地区的产业政策层面、我国政府的政策设计层面、世界一流高端装备制造企业的实践层面以及国内外基础理论与方法研究层面，系统性地回顾了高端装备智能制造及其工程管理的发展现状；总结阐述了新一代信息技术环境下高端装备智能制造的资源组织方式、制造全过程管理方式、工程管理服务化模式、信息服务与智能决策模式等发生的根本性变革；分析提出要围绕跨时空多粒度制造资源管理、全过程多维度制造系统管理、大规模多模态制造服务化管理、基于云边融合的智能决策等方面，研究构建新一代信息技术环境下高端装备智能制造工程管理理论与方法体系。     

推动四川省装备制造业数字化转型分析

装备制造业是四川实现制造强省战略的重要支撑，也是2035年成渝地区双城经济圈全面建成世界级先进制造业集群的关键。推进我省装备制造业数字化转型面临中小企业转型基础薄弱、产业数据汇聚共享困难、数字化转型人才缺乏等难点痛点。结合装备制造业特点和未来发展趋势，本文提出可以通过发挥龙头企业牵引作用、加快数据互联互通、促进生产流程再造、加快数字化人才培养等方式，利用数字技术、数字化思维赋能装备制造业发展，以数据流通贯穿产业链上下游，从而提升装备制造产品生产效率，实现资源优化配置，促进产业转型升级。     

新一代信息技术环境下的高端装备数字化制造协同

本文立足于中国高端装备制造业的管理实践和发展需求，面对互联网与大数据环境下高端装备制造运营管理面临的新需求与新挑战，借助互联网与大数据技术，深入挖掘高端装备制造网络协同管理的内部结构与创新模式，为我国高端装备制造业运营管理达到并赶超世界先进水平提供理论基础与技术支持。本文首先梳理了高端装备制造协同机制和关键要素，回顾了当前高端装备制造不同维度下的协同理论和方法。在此基础上提出了高端装备数字化协同层次框架及层次中关键要素的协同优化方法，重点涉及设备及设备群数字化协同、车间和工厂数字化协同以及供应链联盟数字化协同这3个层面的论述。所提出的理论和方法最终在油井勘探装备深水防喷器组（BOP Stack）数字化制造协同管理中进行了验证。     

建设万亿世界级重大产业集群

<正>"十四五"期间,四川坚持以质量、效率、绿色、安全、智能为核心,推进装备制造产业基础高级化。当前,四川省正深入推进装备制造数字化转型赋能,提高装备产品成套能力和基础零部件、原材料配套能力,促进装备制造产业与新一代信息技术融合创新,加快装备制造数字化、网络化、服务化跃升。     

关于建立药品医疗器械申报服务中心 强力助推资阳市口腔装备产业发展的建议

药品和医疗器械注册是医药企业市场准入的核心内容,也是行业市场监管的关键环节。为推动资阳市口腔装备产业高质量发展,打破现有的专业服务"瓶颈",建议借鉴泰州医学城经验,在产业园区建立药品医疗器械申报服务机构,为企业提供"提前介入、全程指导、申报代办"的专业服务,优化园区发展环境,助推口腔装备产业发展。     

装备制造业技术集成过程中的能力特点

装备制造业的产品具有明显的复杂产品系统特征,其产品开发以及生产组织活动都要针对其复杂产品系统的特点展开。装备制造业企业在产品概念设计环节主要强调建构能力;在产品集成开发环节中的主要特点是技术获取能力和实验能力;产品持续创新中需建立并不断完善技术监测能力。     

实现“全球高端制造”的新思维

正发展高端制造产业,一方面要大力发展具有较高附加值和高技术含量的装备制造产业和战略性新兴产业;另一方面还要立足制造业的基础,着力推动基础制造产业,由传统加工制造向价值链的高端延伸。高端制造产业是衡量一个国家核心竞争力的重要标志。我国发展高端制造产业的目标是通过产业升级,实现核心技术自主化、高端产品国产化、出口产品高附加值化。发展高端制造产业,一方面要瞄准全球生产体系的高端,大力发展具有较高附加值和高技术含量的装备制造产业和     

“躯干国家”制造向“头脑国家”制造转型的路径选择——基于高端装备制造产业成长路径选择的视角

本文基于高端装备制造产业成长路径选择的视角,关注"躯干国家"制造向"头脑国家"制造转型过程中的经济发展与科技创新问题。研究认为,国家制造由"躯干国家"制造和"头脑国家"制造构成,前者向后者的高级演化需要国家制造创新能力支撑;高端装备制造产业成长的路径演化存在一个"大道定理"。研究发现:高端装备制造产业成长是国外国家制造转型升级的内生动力;高端装备制造产业成长上升国家战略对于国家制造转型是至关重要的;高铁装备制造产业成长经验契合这样的路径选择,本地化的技术创新更有利于地方发展;哈电集团"市场换技术"是企业制造成功经验,但前提必须依靠本土力量实现技术跨越。     

不确定需求下考虑大数据投资决策的供应链鲁棒优化及协调模型

针对由数据公司、制造商和零售商组成的三级供应链系统，在仅知需求均值和方差信息下，建立了集中和分散两种决策情况下的供应链鲁棒优化模型。集中决策下，全体供应链成员共同决定产品零售价和产品生产数量；分散决策下，数据公司作为主方，决定需求信息零售价，制造商和零售商作为从方，分别决定产品批发价和产品订货数量。针对两种决策下的供应链鲁棒优化模型，给出了相应的最优决策，分析了大数据投资成本、消费者异质性需求满足程度等系统参数对供应链决策的影响。进一步，设计了能实现三级供应链完美协调的利润共享契约。最后，通过数值算例验证了所建模型和契约协调的有效性。研究表明，在集中和分散决策下，大数据投资成本只有在满足一定条件下，投资大数据才有利于供应链成员及系统利润的改善。特别地，与无协调时的情况相比，虽然协调机制下相关系统参数对供应链成员决策及利润绩效的作用机制存在差异，但文中提出的利润共享契约在一定条件下能够显著改进供应链成员利润且实现供应链完美协调。     

社交网络情境下基于同侪影响的产品线规划研究

依托社交网络优化产品线是实现“匹配消费者需求带动产品设计-制造-营销全流程协调发展”的重要途径,尽管已经引起实业界的重点关注,相应的学术研究却十分匮乏。鉴于此,本文基于同侪影响理论与前景理论,结合社交网络情境下消费者的产品需求、偏好及决策,构建涵盖产品线营销层面和设计层面的双层规划模型;然后结合智能手机产品线实例,运用嵌套灰狼算法对该双层规划模型进行求解验证。本研究旨在提出社交网络与产品线规划之间耦合作用的联合优化框架,为面向社交网络的产品线规划提供理论依据。     

Product sequencing in multiple-piece-flow assembly lines

Modern markets demand mass customization, that is, the manufacture of customized products at low cost. Mass customization represents a major challenge for the organization of assembly lines, which were originally designed for the manufacture of homogeneous products. The multiple-piece-flow assembly line is an organizational innovation that can address this challenge. Here, several customized workpieces, each associated with a separate customer order and, hence, a separate due date, are handled simultaneously in one cycle. Consequently, the idle times decrease as do the manufacturing costs. Multiple-piece-flow assembly lines are used, for instance, in manufacturing industrial equipment.To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate product sequencing in multiple-piece-flow assembly lines. We formalize the underlying planning problem, establish a mixed-integer model, examine its relation to several classic optimization problems, and describe useful problem properties. We leverage these properties to design an effective iterative variable neighborhood heuristic (IVNH). A detailed simulation based on real-world data and the rolling-horizon planning framework confirms that the IVNH is well suited for practical use. Furthermore, extensive computational experiments on well-structured randomly generated data sets show that the IVNH identifies optimal or near-optimal solutions within short run times. It outperformed an off-the-shelf optimization software, and in certain practice settings, the IVNH was even able to substantially reduce average order delays.     

Validity and reliability of proposed framework of manufacturing excellence in the Indian industry

This article presents the findings of the empirical study of proposed framework of manufacturing excellence (ME) in the Indian industry. The study includes companies from five major sectors, namely automobile, process, machines and equipment, electronics and components and textile. Responses from 90 companies were analysed to explore the validity and reliability of the proposed framework of ME in Indian industry. The developed questionnaire is outlined along with the results obtained from the analysis of the data from the Indian industry. The framework shows high level of reliability and validity.     

供应链管理对于大型复杂产品制造业集群演进的影响机理研究

产业集群演进是指在一定驱动力下产业集群从某个具有阶段特征的整体结构与态势向另一个具有阶段特征的结构与态势转变发展的过程。在这个过程中供应链管理可以促进资源的有效整合和利用,优化产业结构,促进产业升级。在前人关于大型复杂产品和供应链管理相关研究基础上,以组织要素、产品复杂性要素、产业关联度要素为影响变量,构建了供应链管理对大型复杂产品制造业集群演进的影响机理模型,通过实证分析,得出SCM对于大型复杂产品制造业集群演进的影响机理是一个全方位的作用模式,这为大型复杂产品制造业集群中供应链管理提供了借鉴。     

消费者短视和以旧换新情形下设计架构与定价策略研究

耐用品的耐用性会抑制了新一代耐用品的销售,企业通常会采用以旧换新政策来激励新一代耐用品的销售。企业有两种产品设计架构策略:一体化架构策略与模块化架构策略,同时企业也有两种定价策略:静态定价策略和动态定价策略。在这种情况下,企业该如何确定产品设计架构和定价策略?在假定两期内消费者是短视情形下,论文建立了消费者与企业博弈模型分析和比较了三种情况。研究发现,无论是静态定价还是动态定价,无论是模块化架构还是一体化架构,购买了第一代产品的消费者都会整体更换成第二代产品;随着第二代核心系统的质量提升,以旧换新促使企业产品架构选择从一体化架构转变为选择模块化架构;当采用动态定价、第二代核心系统质量提升适中和折扣因子高时,企业会选择模块化架构;当企业采用模块化架构时,以旧换新政策会降低模块化产品第二代核心子系统和基础子系统之间的兼容性;如果两代产品之间的质量差距比较大,企业将会选择动态定价策略,反之会选择静态定价策略。     

Understanding technological substitution: Generic types, substitution dynamics, and influence strategies

This article develops a framework for analyzing substitution threats posed by young industries to firms competing in more established industries. The discussion delineates three generic types of technological substitution—functional, product, and asset—and explores how long-term substitution patterns may be shaped by (1) the dominant design that emerges for the new product and, (2) improvements that occur in the traditional product. Asset substitution threats are especially serious for an incumbent firm since they can erode the value of the company's existing R&D/ manufacturing capabilities for competition in its principal markets. Possible strategies for influencing the type of substitution that ultimately occurs are considered. The strategies entail entering the young industry and attempting to shape the dominant design that emerges for the new product, or attempting to improve the traditional product along specific price-performance dimensions. The propositions suggested by the framework and the implications discussed should help to provide direction for future research.     

Customization: Impact on Product and Process Performance

Manufacturing capability has often been viewed to be a major obstacle in achieving higher levels of customization. Companies follow various strategies ranging from equipment selection to order process management to cope with the challenges of increased customization. We examined how the customization process affects product performance and conformance in the context of a design‐to‐order (DTO) manufacturer of industrial components. Our competing risk hazard function model incorporates two thresholds, which we define as mismatch and manufacturing thresholds. Product performance was adversely affected when the degree of customization exceeded the mismatch threshold. Likewise, product conformance eroded when the degree of customization exceeded the manufacturing threshold. Relative sizes of the two thresholds have management implications for the subsequent investments to improve customization capabilities. Our research developed a rigorous framework to address two key questions relevant to the implementation of product customization: (1) what degrees of customization to offer, and (2) how to customize the product design process.     

TAPAS: A modular framework to support reuse in scheduling software development

Industrial schedulers try to take into account more and more complex aspects of manufacturing and become, as a consequence, more difficult to use efficiently. We suggest a modular framework for scheduling in order to support the development of schedulers better adapted to the workshop they are used in. An extensive reuse of past developments is made possible by the definition of a powerful, yet generic, data model, together with a fully modular architecture and the use of standards, e.g. CORBA, MMS and STEP. Examples of the first schedulers developed within this framework in an industrial context are shown.     

An Integrated Framework for Measuring Product Development Performance in High Technology Industries

We present an integrated framework for measuring product development performance. The framework consists of a three stage model for exploring the relationships between metrics used by design, manufacturing, marketing functions, and overall commercial success. Using a cross‐sectional survey of 383 product development professionals working on 38 product development projects in the high‐tech electronic assembled goods manufacturing sector, we provide empirical evidence of the proposed framework. The findings indicate that in the high‐tech manufacturing sector (1) commercial success of new product development projects is primarily determined by market share, (2) gain in market share is primarily driven by lower unit cost and not by technical performance, and (3) reduction in unit cost is primarily driven by the increased speed of new product development and not by the R&D budget. The study failed to identify any significant association between R&D budget and technical performance, and development speed and technical performance.