基于NW模型的新熊彼特式产业动态演化模型

以NW模型为基础，建立产业动态演化模型，分析由不同企业组成并有新企业持续随机进入的产业的竞争动态，研究产业结构，产业内各个企业的投资决策、R＆D策略、技术变化以及产业特征的其他方面之间的相互作用．仿真结果表明，该模型很好地再现了产业演化的典型事实，是一个比较简单并且相对全面的产业演化模型     

产品竞争的产业演化模型研究

本文以NW模型为基础,建立了产品竞争的产业演化模型,分析由不同企业组成并有新企业持续随机进入的产业的竞争动态,分析产业内各个企业的投资决策、R＆D策略、技术变化、产品创新以及产业特征的其他方面之间的相互作用。仿真结果表明,该模型很好地再现了生产异质产品的产业的演化过程中呈现出来的典型事实。     

产业集群租金的系统动力学模型研究

区域性产业集群是一种具有生命力和"生命周期"的有机生态体,可以将产业集群的发展分为种子形态、核形态到集群形态三个状态,在"企业剩余"的基础上提出"产业集群租金"的概念,并运用系统动力学模型建立基于集群租金的产业集群演化模型.通过仿真结果,利用集群租金的变化率信号,将产业集群的整个生命周期描述为经历"种子"→"核"生长期→发展期→稳定期→衰退(转型)期.同时揭示出了核生长期的"萌发期"("困难期")的存在以及它对产业集群的重要意义.     

产业创新升级阶段市场结构演化仿真分析

本文研究产业创新升级阶段产品创新对市场结构的影响.应用Swarm多主体演化博弈的思想,构建一个不完全信息竞争市场下产品创新过程中多主体进行演化博弈的仿真模型.在模型中,常规产品、自主创新产品和模仿创新产品的需求是依据消费者的效用函数、产品质量及价格决定的.模型将相同境况的企业视为一个群体.并将企业的个体决策置身于群体决策中,企业则以一定的概率选择常规经营、自主创新或模仿创新.模型刻画了企业利用在博弈过程中所获取的信息,不断修正行为规则的演化过程.演化博弈仿真结论可以为企业选择创新策略和政策选择恰当的激励手段提供理论支持.     

推进高科技企业自主创新的“研中学”模型

通过对"干中学"模型与"研中学"模型的学习效应和经济效应的比较,说明"干中学"模型的学习效应是有限的,"研中学"模型能推进高科技企业自主创新,因而产生的经济效应和社会效应都大于"干中学"模型;进而根据演化经济学的分析框架,建立了"研中学"促进高科技企业自主创新的演化模型,从而揭示了"研中学"模型在促进高科技企业自主创新中的核心作用;最后依据该演化模型为高科技企业推进"研中学"模型提供了策略.     

产业集群参与者交互偏好与知识网络演化:模型与仿真

知识网络是产业集群网络演化的重要组成部分和先决条件,本文将产业集群中参与者进行交互的偏好分为任务导向型和知识导向型,建立了一个基于多智能主体的产业集群知识网络模型,利用Blanche软件实现了知识网络演化模型的仿真计算,通过仿真研究了任务导向型和知识导向型知识网络的对网络演化的不同影响.最后,本文提出了研究的局限性和下一步研究的方向.     

资源型产业集群三维演化模式浅析

本文从一般的产业集群演化规律人手,构建了三维演化模型,并将其运用到资源型产业集群的发展演化分析中,探询资源型产业集群演化的动力、时间、空间维度的基本规律,从而加深对资源型产业集群的本质认识.     

基于SD的农村市场家电企业物流成本与效率演化博弈分析

为了研究农村市场家电企业与物流企业的成本与效率问题,结合政府补贴政策,从家电企业和物流企业有限理性的假设出发,通过构建家电企业与物流企业的演化博弈模型并进行求解分析,对其物流业务策略选择进行了研究。最后用系统动力学建立了一个混合战略演化博弈模型并进行仿真实验,对演化博弈分析结论进行了验证。     

产业集群技术创新演化的CA模拟分析

本文采用研究复杂性问题的研究思路,从微观机制着手分析产业集群技术创新演化过程.文章建立了产业集群技术创新演化的CA模型,并结合产业集群生命周期理论,对产业集群的技术创新演化进行计算机模拟实验.     

新企业创业导向转化为绩效的新企业能力:理论模型与中国实证研究

新企业高失败率和成长巨大差异性引起了学者们广泛关注,并导致创业导向研究的丰富成果.鉴于现有研究陷于新企业创业导向与绩效问无限追加调节和中介变量的复杂模型中,而忽视了对其中关键要素的深入挖掘,本文基于演化经济学、战略理论和组织理论,认为新企业从创业导向到组织绩效,中间需要一定的转化路径与能力支持,并提出新企业能力构念,构建了"创业导向一新企业能力一新企业绩效"模型,并通过150份有效样本验证了中国背景下新企业创业导向和新企业能力的维度构成以及与新企业绩效的关系,同时也发现了新企业创业导向与绩效之间的环境敌意性和环境动态性的调节作用、新企业能力的显著中介效应.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Defining Spirituality of Work

There is a current surge of writings on spirituality and related topics. For instance, Woodward (1997) has pointed out that since Thomas Moore's publication of Care of the Soul in 1994 there have been nearly 800books published with the word soul in the title. These run all the way from Chicken Soup for theWoman's Soul (Canfield et al., 1996) to A Guide to Liberating YourSoul (Barrett, 1995). Spirituality of work is a big part of this surge. Definitionsof spirituality of work seem to vary widely. Bowman (1998, p. 8) in his `reviewof the phenomenon of spirituality of work' found `Definitions of the term spirituality in the context of the Spirituality of Work troublesome and particularly subjective. Many writers do not even attempt definitions.' The purpose of this article is to review the concept of spirituality of work in its historical and current use and to propose a comprehensive definition.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

WebStress: a web interface to explore a multidatabase bibliographic corpus on occupational stress

A bibliographic study on a multidisciplinary subject, such as occupational stress, requires a multidatabase query facility. Given this, we searched eight databases belonging to different fields (medicine, psychology, etc.) and from different countries. Thus, more than 26000 references on occupational stress were gathered. A bibliographic corpus of this sort is unusable because of the heterogeneous format of the records and the number of duplicate entries. Considering the limitations of commercial programs, we have developed a system, called WebStress, for reformatting the data and removing duplicates. The huge number of references and the research needs of updating and searching have necessitated the addition of several other functions to WebStress. Therefore WebStress comprises a web interface that makes it possible to search the corpus with advanced features (using clustering, a specialized thesaurus on stress and Boolean queries). In addition to the usual bibliographic queries on a specific database such as Medline, WebStress provides bibliometric analysis of the corpus, which might contribute to a detailed analysis on occupational stress in order to highlight the networks of researchers and to find the main topics studied in this area. WebStress is not yet available to researchers in general. It is being further developed, and also permission needs to be obtained from the eight commercial bibliographic databases that it consults.