公司治理与机构投资人持股之研究

在一连串的管理阶层舞弊案发生后,信息透明度(Information Transparency)成为实务界和学界关心的焦点,而信息透明度为其探讨公司治理制度的重点之一。本研究探讨董监事会的组成、股权结构、薪酬制度和信息透明度等公司治理机制与机构投资人投资间之关系,了解包含信息透明度在内的多项公司治理评量变量是否为机构投资人投资的重要参考指标。研究结果亦显示,董监事持股比例、样本公司所有权透明度与投资者关系透明度与机构投资人持股呈现显著正相关。显示公司治理成效愈佳及信息透明度越高的企业,将较易吸引机构投资人的青睐。     

董事责任保险能否提升公司价值?——基于公司治理视角的研究

董事责任保险作为上市公司治理的重要避险工具，在改善公司治理绩效的同时，也可能引发董事的道德风险，损害公司价值。董事责任保险参与公司治理能否产生积极的经济后果，显著提升企业价值，尚有待经验证据检验。为了深入探究董事责任保险对企业价值的影响机理，文章基于公司治理视角，以2007年-2015年我国沪深两市A股上市公司的数据为样本，采用倾向得分匹配方法，在控制样本自选择偏差后，研究董事责任保险购买决策对公司价值的影响。实证结果显示，不论以财务还是以会计绩效衡量，购买董事责任保险均能够显著提升公司价值。研究结论揭示了董事责任保险的综合治理效应，提供了转型经济下董事责任保险对公司价值整体影响的经验证据。     

管理者代理行为、公司过度投资与公司治理——基于企业生命周期视角的实证研究

通过建立企业生命周期新的划分指标,从企业发展的动态层面研究管理者代理行为与公司过度投资之间关系随企业生命周期的演变,并检验公司治理机制随企业生命周期的治理效果。结果表明,我国上市公司管理者代理行为随企业生命周期动态变化,其对公司过度投资的影响随企业生命周期发展不断减弱。不同公司治理机制的治理效果随企业生命周期也发生变化,其中董事长总经理兼任在成长阶段能够有效抑制公司过度投资,而独立董事在成熟阶段及大股东在衰退阶段均显著没有发挥应有的监督作用。成长阶段中的公司监事会能够对代理行为引致的过度投资起到显著的监督作用,而董事长总经理兼任则显著加剧代理行为引致的过度投资,成长阶段中管理层持股、成熟阶段中独立董事与外部机构持股以及衰退阶段中大股东均显著没有起到应有的治理作用。     

企业生命周期、公司治理与公司资本配置效率

现有关于公司治理机制对公司非效率资本配置治理效果的检验大多局限于静态层面,本研究通过构建企业生命周期划分指标,从企业发展进程的动态层面考察我国上市公司资本配置效率的动态演变,并检验公司治理机制在企业不同生命周期中的治理效果.结果表明,我国上市公司过度投资随企业生命周期呈先降后升的趋势变化,且不同阶段差异显著,但投资不足在企业生命周期内几乎不发生变化.公司治理机制对公司资本配置效率的治理效果随企业生命周期发生演变.在过度投资组,董事长与总经理两职合一在成长阶段显著抑制过度投资;大股东持股在衰退阶段加剧过度投资.在投资不足组,管理层持股能够降低公司投资不足;成长阶段中董事长与总经理两职合一、成熟阶段中的独立董事反而加剧投资不足.     

基于公司治理视角代理成本影响文献综述

有关公司治理机制的效率问题一直是众多学者研完的热点,企业代理成本一直是公司治理内部管理的关键性问题和管理控制的重要课题之一,代理成本和公司治理之间相互影响,代理成本的控制是否得当直接影响企业的价值,本文在学者现有研完的基础上,一文献综述的形式展示公司股权集中度、股权制衡度、管理层持股比例、独立董事比例与董事会规模角度出发分析代理成本的成因和影响机制,力争得出积极研究成果。     

论我国公司治理结构存在的问题与完善

我国公司治理结构存在诸如股东大会中中小股东与特殊股股东利益保护不足、董事会丧失独立性且工作效率低、立法中对独立董事的规定缺失、监事会监管无力和对高级职员的义务与责任规定不明确等问题。为完善我国公司治理结构,应当健全中小股东与特殊股股东利益保护机制、提高董事会独立性与工作效率、完善独立董事的相关规定、强化监事会的监管力度并明确规定公司高级职员的义务与责任。     

公司董事会的国际比较

董事会是由股东大会选举数名董事所组成的公司经营决策机关,是公司治理的核心,应该通过决策和监督职能最大限度地维护包括股东在内的公司所有利害相关者的利益。因此,借鉴国外成功的经验,发挥董事会的作用,强化董事会的职责和提高董事会的效率已成为公司治理机制的核心问题。为了便于比较研究,我们按照地区分布和资本市场的发达程度,从不同国家、地区和组织颁布的80余份公司治理原则中筛选了10份作为样板。一、 董事会类型 由于各国经济政治、历史文化等因素的影响,在董事会制度的选择上有所不同。一般有两种董事会类型即单层制董事…     

基于公司治理结构的企业财务风险影响因素探析

在全球经济一体化、竞争日益激烈的市场经济体制下,公司之间的优胜劣汰已是不可改变地经济自然规律,公司时刻面临着各种各样的风险,因财务风险的爆发而引起公司倒闭或破产的案例屡见不鲜。为了控制公司财务风险,避免公司陷入财务危机,公司需要对财务风险深入研究和分析。影响公司财务风险因素有很多,但究其根本是公司治理机构的混乱和不足、公司治理效率的低下。因此,在公司治理结构问题上,如何使用有效又精准的管理手段去防范并合理的降低、化解财务风险,就成为影响企业长期稳定发展的重大问题。     

独立董事责任险、机构投资者与公司治理

独立董事责任险(独董险)强化了独立董事的独立性和信息监督动机。董事会独立性的提高有助于机构投资者提高治理效率。实证分析认为,独董险和机构投资者形成显著的共同治理效果。一方面,对于管理层代理问题,独董险与机构投资者的共同机制对管理费用率有显著的控制作用,形成对显性代理行为的有效监督;机构投资者对ROA有显著的提升能力,一定程度弥补了独立董事对隐性代理行为监督上的不足。另一方面,独董险和机构投资者对国有公司信息披露质量有提高作用。独董险可以强化对披露信息的监督动机,机构投资者有助导入国有公司缺失的独立董事外部声誉约束。在信息监督过程需要较多时间和专业知识投入的情况下,两者对独立董事的激励作用形成互补。     

跨国公司境外企业公司治理机制探析

境外企业如何治理是跨国公司跨国经营中遇到的一个新的课题。境外企业公司治理机制是否完善直接决定了跨国经营能否取得成功以及全球化战略是否能得以实现。本文从在华三资企业以及中国企业集团境外企业的治理角度出发,阐述了境外企业公司治理机制的内涵、绩效,对在华三资企业和中国企业集团境外企业这二种类型的公司治理机制进行了比较,并对如何建立境外企业完善的公司治理机制进行了一定的探讨。     

The impact of the board of directors characteristics on corporate performance and risk-taking before and during the global financial crisis

Over recent years, the effectiveness of good corporate governance practices has received considerable attention by the financial literature. In the current global finance crisis, several practitioners, academic and regulators argue that mechanisms of corporate governance have not served their purpose to safeguard equitably the interest of stakeholders, increasing the corporate risk-taking without proper management. This research contributes to the empirical literature, analyzing the impact of board characteristics and the capital structure on corporate performance and corporate risk-taking, in two different economic contexts: in an economic growth and in an economic recession. The methodology implemented takes into account the bidirectional causality and addresses endogeneity problem using a simultaneous equations system with three-stage least squares estimation method. The results show that the effectiveness of the board is sensitive to the economic period and the capital structure leads to reduce the levels of corporate risk-taking during the crisis. This research suggests that good corporate governance mechanisms should mitigate excessive corporate risk-taking and protect the interest of stakeholders in both periods: before and during the global financial crisis.     

Corporate governance and social norms during financial crisis: evidence from France and Saudi Arabia

The resistance to financial crisis and compliance with social norms and effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms is considered recently as a good matter of concern. Focusing on differences between French and Saudi firms, we examine the effect of (1) board of directors, (2) audit committee, (3) compliance with Corporate Social Responsibility activities, (4) compliance with Shariah principles on financial volatility during subprime crisis of 2007. We find that larger boards, larger audit committees, independent members on boards and audit committees are related negatively to financial volatility. The result supports corporate governance theory which suggests that corporate governance variables outlined provide effective of monitoring of the management thereby enhancing firm’s resistance to financial crisis. In addition, we find that compliance with CSR alone does not explain the financial volatility. Its concert with corporate governance variables is necessary. This result supports stakeholder theory which argues that companies compliant with CSR activities in their business strategy and have larger boards and audit committees, and independent directors on boards and audit committees resist more financial downturns and any economic shock. Furthermore, we find that compliance with Shariah norms plays a significant role in protecting shareholder interests, improving functioning of corporate governance mechanisms and affect positively the resistance of Saudi firms to financial crisis.     

Financial Reporting,Private Disclosure and the Corporate Governance Role of Financial Institutions

This paper explores how large UK financial institutions (FIs) pursued a private corporate governance agenda with their portfolio companies. It also investigates the role of financial reporting in private and public corporate governance. The case financial institutions argued that the limited quality of public information, especially in financial reports, was a major constraint on their ability to act in fund management and corporate governance roles. However, the financial reporting cycle determined a private institutional and company meeting cycle and this created opportunities for private information collection and for governance influence by FIs. In addition, the perceived limitations of public governance mechanisms such as voting encouraged private governance approaches. As a result, the case financial institutions had the incentive and the means to improve the quality of their sources of corporate information and to obtain a competitive edge over other financial institutions and the market through their direct contact with companies. Despite the limitations of public information, the paper reveals how public disclosure in financial statements and the financial reporting cycle played a central role in corporate governance. Public sources of information were combined with private sources to create a financial institutional knowledge advantage. The institutions used this knowledge to diagnose problem areas in strategy, management quality, and the effectiveness of the board, and their impact on financial performance. The financial reporting cycle meant that the quasi insider financial institution had the access opportunity and the joint public/private insight to influence companies across a wide corporate governance agenda and in a range of corporate circumstances. The case institutions exploited these private access and knowledge advantages for investment purposes and for Cadbury style corporate governance purposes. Thus, the private governance process was critically dependent on the FI knowledge advantage, which in turn relied on both financial reports and private disclosure. This wide ranging governance behaviour by institutions corresponds to recommendations subsequently made by the Hampel report in 1998 concerning UK corporate governance. The paper ends by exploring how the private institutional and company meeting agenda can suggest new directions for financial reporting and public disclosure and how this can further improve public and private corporate governance.     

The Role of Financial Institutions in the Corporate Governance of Listed Chinese Companies*

This paper explores the role of Chinese financial institutions in the corporate governance of listed companies through interviews with both senior managers of financial institutions and board directors of listed companies. Our results show that, while most securities companies are passive investors, a good proportion of the active mutual funds help their portfolio companies prepare financial forecasts, standardize their operations, raise external funds, strengthen their company image in the capital markets, and sometimes intervene in corporate issues. This limited role can be attributed to a number of factors specific to the Chinese context including highly concentrated state ownership, an immature regulatory environment, inadequate transparency and disclosure of financial information, and weak corporate governance within financial institutions themselves. It could also be affected by several other factors that are considered to cause institutional passivity in developed countries such as conflicts of interest, monitoring costs and lack of expertise.     

Board of directors structure and firm financial performance: A qualitative comparative analysis

Previous research about the effects of board structure and process on the firm financial performance is based on conflicting theoretical perspectives, and empirical results, mostly based on regression analysis, are inconclusive. Building from Complexity Theory and configurational analysis, this study offers clarity to inconclusive previous empirical results about the link among several board features and firm financial performance. From a sample of 295 non-financial firms from Southern Europe for the period 2001–2010, and by using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, findings of this study show that firm financial performance depends on a complex configuration of several board features (board size, board independence, leadership structure and board activity) and several corporate characteristics (firm size, firm leverage and firm age). This paper has implications for academics. Despite different theoretical arguments and inconclusive results of the wide empirical literature addressing the effect of board characteristics on the firm performance, building from Complexity Theory this paper adds to our knowledge because it empirically explores under which circumstances different board features should contribute positively or negatively to firm performance. The results of this study have also implications for policy makers and practitioners by providing some useful hints to the controversial relationship between corporate governance and financial performance. In this sense, general corporate governance recommendations must be rethought.     

民营上市公司集团治理与终极控制人侵占效应分析

本文以民营上市公司为样本,采用2002-2004年的面板数据,针对民营上市公司中普遍存在的集团治理现象,理论分析并实证检验了集团治理的各因素对终极控制人行为的综合影响.研究发现,在集团治理条件下,随着控制权和现金流权偏离程度的增加,终极控制人采取具有侵占效应的行为的激励越强.而上市公司的治理结构能够对这一影响起到调节作用,其中,股权结构中的内部股东集团比例增加会强化侵占效应的激励;董事会结构中外部董事比例的增加会抑制终极控制人的侵占效应行为.本文的经验证据表明,在对民营上市公司集团治理结构加强监管的同时,正确认识外部董事的作用、强化董事会的独立性并完善内部机制能够取到良好的治理效果.     

Corporate governance as custodianship of the business model

Recently businesses have been encouraged to discuss their business models in their annual reports as a means of communicating their future intentions to readers of their financial statements. At the same time, corporate governance has continued to be a focus of attention. In this paper we set out the view that a useful way of regarding corporate governance is that of custodianship of the business model—by which we mean that the directors are responsible for sustaining and developing a company’s business model. A comparison of corporate governance and the activities required to sustain and develop the business model shows them to be essentially the same. A business model view has the advantage that it unifies the compliance and monitoring aspects of governance with the advisory and strategy-setting roles of directors, roles that have sometimes been seen as conflicting. Viewing corporate governance from a business model perspective highlights aspects of board responsibilities that are not explicitly recognised in the UK Corporate Governance Code and may have been neglected in the prevailing emphasis on compliance, but which are intimately connected to both network relationships and corporate culture which are now becoming a source of concern.     

论公司财务管理在公司治理结构中发挥的作用

公司制企业财务管理存在着三个层次,即出资者财务、经营者财务和专业财务;它们在公司治理结构中发挥着不同的作用.出资者财务以资本的终极所有权为依据,以资本的安全和增值为目的,对其出资及运用状况进行管理,是一种间接约束机制;经营者财务以法人所有权为依据,在出资者的监控下,以直接控制的方式对企业的资金运行进行管理,发挥在治理结构中的纽带作用,处于财务管理的核心地位;专业财务以现金流转为管理对象,保证经营者财务决策的顺利执行和预期效益的实现.三者的辩证统一是实现公司有效治理的关键.     

机构投资者参与公司治理积极性的分析

在对公司治理和资本市场发展的研究中,机构投资者的作用越来越受到重视.本文基于机构投资者与公司治理间的相关性和国内外已有的研究成果,通过数理模型的一般分析阐释了影响机构投资者参与公司治理积极性的四个因素:持有单个公司的股权比率、资本市场中公司治理结构不完善的概率、所投资公司治理结构的完善程度以及监督成本,并得出了有关的研究结论.最后本文,对机构投资者积极参与我国上市公司治理提出了若干政策建议.