基于重现时间间隔分析的极端收益预测及交易策略研究

极端收益的预测在金融风险管理中非常重要。本文系统研究了极端收益重现时间间隔的统计规律，提出了一种基于重现时间间隔分析的早期预警模型，并对极端收益的重现进行预测，检验了模型在样本内外的预测性能；最后分别针对极端正收益和极端负收益的样本外预测结果，设计了看涨和看跌的两种交易策略，并以中国上证指数、法国CAC40指数、英国富时指数、香港恒生指数和日本日经指数为例，对交易策略的日均收益率进行了统计显著性检验。研究结果表明，极端收益的重现时间间隔具有右偏、尖峰厚尾和强自相关等典型特征；极端收益预测模型在样本内和样本外检验中都具有良好的预测能力；看涨和看跌交易策略在卖出区间均能有效地避开下跌阶段，看涨策略有更显著的盈利水平。     

基于改进SMOTE的小额贷款公司客户信用风险非均衡SVM分类

研究了小额贷款公司对客户进行信用风险评估时面临的问题,构建了信用风险评估指标体系,改进了支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)对非均衡样本分类时分类超平面偏移的不足。首先分析小额贷款公司业务区域性强、信用数据来源不规范、评价标准不一致等特点,给出用于客户信用风险评估的四个维度指标。针对传统SMOTE算法在处理非均衡数据时对全部少数类样本操作的问题,提出仅对错分样本人工合成的改进思想,给出具体算法步骤。将改进算法用于某小额贷款公司客户信用风险评估案例中,分类精确度较其他算法有所提升,表明该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于人工神经网络的三江平原土壤质量综合评价与预测模型

根据土壤质量定量评价指标分级体系生成足够多代表性好的神以网络训练和检验用的样本。建立神经网络模型时,利用删减或扩张准则确定神经网络最佳拓扑结构,避免“过拟合”现象,利用检验样本监控在训练过程中不发生“过学习”现象,使建立的土壤质量的综合评价与预测模型具有较好的泛化能力和预测能力。对三江平原地区主要耕作土壤质量的综合评价与预测结果表明,神经网络方法能较好地应用于土壤质量综合评价与预测,比加权综合指数法能更精细地评价与预测土壤的变化趋。     

基于最小二乘的支持向量机在电力需求预测中的应用

文章针对常规电力需求预测方法的不足,在分析SVM的线性和非线性分类方法的基础上提出一种基于最小二乘的支持向量机预测方法.LS-SVM模型采用结构风险最小化原则,能够在对小样本学习的基础上,对其他样本快速、准确的拟合预测,具有更好的泛化性能和精度,减少对初始值的依赖.文章采用河北省某市实际的负荷数据,按照不同的负荷日属性和历史数据属性进行样本选择,使用径向基核函数进行了电力需求预测.将预测结果与真实值和由时间序列及BP神经网络方法得到的结论进行比较,表明所提出的预测模型具有较高的精度,是有效和可行的.     

证券市场波动性评价方法研究

研究了将ARMA模型与ARCH族模型相结合,通过建立ARMA-EGARCH-M模型来拟合证券市场波动性,基于大样本数据通过样本期内外模型预测能力检验,得出结论认为ARMA-EGARCH-M模型对上海证券市场波动性拟合优于传统的ARCH族模型。     

基于广义谱和MCS检验的VaR模型预测绩效评估

件VaR模型的正确设定检验等价于检验均值化的“撞击序列”是否服从鞅差分序列,然而通常的反馈检验方法只检验了该序列的部分性质。采用对该鞅差分性质进行直接检验的广义谱检验方法,全面考察中国股票市场(香港恒生指数、上证综合指数和台湾加权指数)上各参数、非参数和半参数共22个VaR模型在采用滚动窗口预测机制时的样本外预测绩效。鉴于条件VaR模型正确设定检验无法反映超过某VaR水平的尾部风险信息,为避免极端损失的发生以及增加结果的稳健性,同时采用模型置信集检验方法。研究结果表明,采用通常的反馈检验方法常会得出错误的结论;在1%和5%置信水平,与历史模拟法、极值理论模型、CAViaR模型和CARE模型相比,误差项为t分布的GARCH模型族在金融危机期间具有较好的样本外预测绩效;涨跌停板制度对于选取预测绩效最优的VaR模型具有重要影响。     

条件异方差动态Nelson-Siegel利率期限结构模型及其应用

动态Nelson-Siegel(DNS)利率期限结构模型将方差设定为常数,不能刻画收益率序列的条件异方差,降低了数据拟合和预测能力。本文用GARCH模型设定DNS模型观测方程条件异方差,基于适应状态空间模型用广义自回归得分(GAS)设定转移方程条件异方差矩阵,提出具有时变方差的GAS-DNS模型,将Rapisarda等的矩阵分解方法应用于协方差矩阵分解及再参数化保证协方差矩阵的正定性。采用中国银行间市场13种期限国债收益率数据进行实证分析,极大似然比检验表明,将DNS模型误差项方差矩阵时变化能够显著提高模型的对数似然值;以MAE、RMSE、MAPE和TIC为标准进行比较,显示GAS-DNS模型的收益率曲线样本内拟合效果和样本外预测能力均比DNS模型有显著提高。本文提出的GAS-DNS模型是对DNS模型的实质改进,鉴于利率期限结构模型和利率预测在实际应用中的重要性,本文的模型改进具有应用价值。     

反向有约束混频数据模型的市场化利率预测

为准确预测市场化利率,在混频数据抽样(MIDAS)模型和反向无约束混频数据抽样(RU-MIDAS)模型的基础上,提出了反向有约束混频数据抽样模型(RR-MIDAS),使之能够适应各变量之间频率倍差较大时,低频变量对高频变量的分析与预测.选取SHIBOR作为市场化利率的代表,分析其影响因素并开展预测研究.实证结果表明:RR-MIDAS模型能够细致揭示各变量间的实时动态变化关系,表现出很好的拟合效果与预测能力;宏观经济变量和资本市场信息能够在1周甚至1天内对货币供求关系产生影响,进而迅速反映在SHIBOR走势变化上.此外,稳健性检验结果验证了RR-MIDAS模型的实用性以及实证结论的可靠性.     

基于符号收益和跳跃变差的高频波动率模型

基于符号收益率的视角,对现有的HAR-RV类及其跳跃扩展模型进行相应分解,构建新型的HAR-RV类波动率模型.进一步,结合符号收益和不同的跳跃识别检验方法,提出了包含符号跳跃变差的HAR-RV类模型,并利用样本外滚动窗预测技术和"模型信度设定"(MCS)检验法评价了各种新旧HAR-RV模型对我国沪深300股价指数波动的预测能力.结果表明:基于C_TZ跳跃识别检验的符号跳跃变差能显著改善波动率模型的短期预测能力,但在中长期波动预测时,符号跳跃变差未能明显提升HAR-RV类模型的预测精度;新提出的HAR-S-RV-TJ-TSJV模型和HAR-S-RV-TJ模型分别在对短期(未来1天)和中长期(未来5天和20天)的波动预测检验中,展现出了最高的预测精度.     

基于SVM的RSM模型拟合方法研究

对于多极值、存在高阶交互作用和约束的复杂过程,参数RSM整体代表性差,难以达到全局最优;而非参数RSM在样本量有限时泛化性差,模型难以优化.将RSM模型拟合归结为一类有限制条件、可主动获取样本点的小样本学习问题;提出一种基于SVM的复杂过程RSM模型拟合方法,并提出了适用于RSM的实用性SVM核函数及参数选择方法.算例研究表明,所提的核函数及参数选择方法得到的泛化误差与其最小值的平均偏离率在20%以内;基于SVM的RSM拟合模型对因子约束、误差分布无严格限制,泛化性能、曲面重现能力均优于现有RSM,其平均泛化误差与样本量分别比非参数RSM降低约20%和30%,说明了所提方法的有效性与优越性.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials

Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme's Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical-chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model-based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.