“创作”释义

本文以中西方文学观念流变为参照系,探讨了“创作”语义的演变、观念的变革和文学“创作”的本质和实现手段的历史形态。文章认为,在中国古代,“创作”一词用于文治武功、政教法制,而文学则从属于先验理念和封建道德的使命,指称文学写作是近代才被认可的;比较而言,西方古代文学现念上的清规戒律不多,到了文艺复兴时代已经以“创造”的理论解释文艺的“摹仿说”,近代崇尚的文学艺术的“创作”,是对古希腊“创作”观念的升华和对希伯来“神创论”的改造。在人类历史上,文学“创作”的具象经历了神话、诗歌中的自然山川和小说中的世俗社会、人物形象等三种意象形态。在文学“创作”中,语言既是工具和手段,又凝聚成“创作”意义、具象赖以存在的艺术形式。     

谈翻译与再创作

本文论述了翻译与再创作的联系,以及翻译本质,即翻译是一种“有限的创作”。作者通过对公式化翻译体的研究,探讨翻译对本国文学创作的不良影响,希望有助于翻译出好的译文,消除译文中公式化翻译体。     

郭熙画论观照下的苏轼山水诗刍议

《林泉高致》是北宋郭熙论山水画创作的重要作品,作为苏轼的前辈,郭熙绘画理论对秉持“诗画一律”的苏轼其人其诗产生了相当的影响,这在苏轼山水诗的创作中时见端倪。主要表现在以平远视域布局所描绘的画面并通过光影与明晦的变化丰富山水的表现形态;选取“烟云”这一极具有代表性的景物,烘托出山水诗冲融缥缈、萧散平淡的意境,并创造性地在水墨冲淡的背景下加入了碧色的元素,使得山水诗的创作呈现出“不古不今”的面貌;借助全景式的布局挖掘景外之意,使作品余味无穷。苏轼对绘画理论的借鉴使其山水诗在北宋诗坛上独树一帜,对后代山水诗创作具有重要影响。     

“雅”与“俗”的完美平衡——浅析格雷厄姆·格林的《神秘的第三者》

作为一位出色的“讲故事”大师，英国当代小说家格面厄姆·格林的作品多采用将侦探小说、惊悚小说的通俗元素与严肃题材相融合的文本策略，这种创作手法与后现代小说的创作理念相契合，表达了格林对战争中社会、道德价值的关怀以及对人性本质的反思。本文通过解析其“消遣小说”《神秘的第三者》中的侦探小说技巧的使用及侦探故事背后蕴含的严肃题材，探讨格雷厄姆·格林小说创作技巧如何做到“雅”与“俗”的完美平衡。     

论文学创作中的作家创作

众所周知，作家创作是文学活动的主体。正确认识作家创作不仅为读者创作和文学评论提供基础，同时也可以为初学写作者提供帮助。笔者以为，作家创作是“意”与“物”的契合，是作家独特的艺术感受与高超的创作技法的结合。没有随意之所之到处漫游的“意”，作家就创作不出独具魅力的艺术作品；没有比普通人站得更高、看得更远的能力，作家创作就缺乏深远的历史意义及现实意义：没有作家自己的判断，作家创作就没有自己的特色；作家不保持自己的本色，就形不成自己的风格；作家不能始终独创新意，作家创作就不能吸引读者。     

论李健吾喜剧的艺术特色

罗马著名散文家西塞罗说,喜剧是“人生的摹本,风俗的明镜,真理的反映”,此话当真,拿李健吾的喜剧来说,“人生”、“风俗”、“真理”,我们不是从中一一窥到了吗?不过,在喜剧里,这“人生”、“风俗”、“真理”并不象平面镜那样直接反射出来,而是通过多种喜剧手法,有如通过凹凸镜、三棱镜,甚至哈哈镜一样折射出来。本文就要研究一下李健吾喜剧的艺术风格和手法,以资今日从事喜剧创作的同志参考借鉴。     

鲁迅的"主见"与胡风的"主观战斗精神"

胡风创作论的主要特点在于强调创作主体的能动性,强调在整个创作过程中作家的主体意识对于对象所起的积极作用。作为其现实主义文艺理论体系的核心概念,“主观战斗精神”概念的形成与胡风对鲁迅的人生和文艺实践的解读密切相关。胡风着重从“主观(心)”、从伦理层面(主观和心的发扬)接近鲁迅,在鲁迅身上深切感受到强烈的主体意识,并把这些作为鲁迅传统的核心基点,从中整合出一种精神力量,纳入到自己的艺术与人生一元化的整体艺术观之中,认为作家只要拥有战斗的主观精神,就能够通过艺术来追求人生的完美,进而构建起以“主观战斗精神”为核心的独特理论体系,在新的时代语境中继承和推进了“五四”的思想主题,其意义远远超出了文学范围。     

柳美里文学作品的家庭主题

“家庭”作为人之初的必经之地,对于人的意义是最原始、最自然、最安全、最温馨的成长摇篮,因而是古今中外文学创作和艺术表现中一个古老恒常的主题.然对于韩裔日本女作家柳美里而言, “家庭”一词包含太多复杂的内涵. “家庭”是她生命的原点,但同时也是她的宿命.作家柳关里通过“家庭”内外带来的人生纠葛和生死洗礼,对人生意义及生命本质展开深入思考,终于获得对于个人、家庭及生死的超越,成功从“夹缝”般的生存环境中突围,并以写实的手法在文学创作中成功贯穿“家庭”这一创作主题,表现了现代人与“家庭”之间的纠葛心理.本文将探讨“家庭”这一创作主题对于作家柳美里的深刻意义及其不凡的文学魅力.     

新时期文学的苦难叙述

新时期文学以叙述苦难的方式开始新的历程。从“伤痕”到“反思”,再到“人性呼唤”,新时期文学在书写苦难中发现了“人”。这得益于转型时期特殊的文化环境,文学与变革中的意识形态达成的默契。但不无夸张的“感伤姿态”、对苦难的传奇性美化等,又充分显示了文化环境对创作主体的强大制约力和创作主体意识觉醒的艰难。在政治化的文化环境中,作家的创作总是不可避免地受制于这种环境,同时又试图对此有所超越而确认自身的美学位置。     

汤显祖"意趣神色"论

汤显祖在以“情”为核心的戏曲创作中,实践了其“意趣神色”的戏剧观。他主张“情”作为戏剧真正之内涵,统帅着整个戏剧艺术手法和表现手段;强调戏剧创作应注重立意深刻、富有机趣,同时要有神韵气质和本色的语言。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.     

简论中国艺术思维的基本形态

中国艺术思维的基本形态包括:观察、摹形、情感、想象、象征、整体、妙悟。观察是中国艺术思维的起点之一;人类早期的造型艺术,就是从摹形发展而来的;中国艺术十分强调情感因素;想象是中国艺术的基本形态之一;中国艺术思维具有强烈的象征性;中国艺术历来讲究整体性;妙悟是中国艺术思维的特有现象。     

How to read efficiently

At present, the university graduates have mountains of books to read. For this phenomenon, this paper first indicates why the students must read extensively and then tentatively suggests three measures establish new concept in reading, practise reading pragmatically, review and exchange.