试论苏联戏剧中的契诃夫风格

契诃夫作为一个跨世纪的剧作家,其戏剧理念对20世纪欧美戏剧思潮的革新发挥了重要作用。苏联当代戏剧家自然也深受契诃夫戏剧观念的影响。在20世纪50至70年代主要剧作家的创作上,深受契诃夫戏剧风格的影响。主要表现在:第一,剧作家们有意识地渲染舞台的抒情氛围;第二,契诃夫剧作中的象征手法在某些重要剧作家的创作中被广泛运用;第三,契诃夫剧作中深沉的忧郁意识被继承下来,用以表现当代苏联人的忧郁情绪,表现当代苏联生活的荒诞性。     

汤显祖"意趣神色"论

汤显祖在以“情”为核心的戏曲创作中,实践了其“意趣神色”的戏剧观。他主张“情”作为戏剧真正之内涵,统帅着整个戏剧艺术手法和表现手段;强调戏剧创作应注重立意深刻、富有机趣,同时要有神韵气质和本色的语言。     

试论塞缪尔·贝克特和他的荒诞戏剧《等待戈多》

荒诞派戏剧是 2 0世纪 40年代兴起的一个重要的文学流派。荒诞戏剧作家们的创作主要是反映西方人生存的荒诞性。贝克特是荒诞派戏剧的重要作家 ,他的代表作品《等待戈多》以荒诞的画面、支离破碎的情节 ,反映了人生的烦恼和恐惧 ,人类生存状态的荒诞不经。     

从《小城风光》看美国人的价值观

桑顿·怀尔德 (ThorntonWilder 1 897— 1 975 )是美国文坛上杰出的作家 ,他的剧作《小城风光》(OurTown ,1 93 8)是他戏剧创作的最高成就。这是一部完全表现凡人小事的戏剧 ,它用白描的手法不加渲染地描写了新英格兰一个小城的风貌和两个家庭的日常生活。剧中既没有复杂曲折的情节 ,也没有剑拔弩张的冲突 ,整个作品充满了一种温馨的田园诗式的情调。作者赋予这个小城以一种普遍的意义 ,谱写了一首歌颂生活美、赞美人生的田园抒情诗。美国文化中最主流的价值观———平等、民主、个人主义自力精神、美国梦式的自我实现、实用主义传统文化精神等在作品中都有所体现。     

论阿瑟·密勒的悲剧《萨勒姆女巫》

阿瑟·密勒是美国当代最著名的戏剧家之一。密勒剧作不仅在理论上,而且在实践上丰富和发展了亚里士多德以来的悲剧学说。本文以《萨勒姆女巫》一剧为例,深入探讨普洛克托这一小人物悲剧形象以及带给读者和观众的情感净化,以此感受密勒戏剧的艺术魅力。     

论荒诞心理小说的创作及其价值取向

本文认为，荒诞心理小说是有别于荒诞派戏剧的一种荒诞文学样式。它的价值取向表现在两个方面：一是否定──启发人们认识自身在西方现代世界中的荒诞处境；二是激励──强调人与荒诞世界抗争乃至超越荒诞的可能性。就后者而言，较之荒诞派戏剧更富有积极意义。荒诞心理小说偏重于创作主体对人生困境的思考和人类前途的追求，从理智上震摄人心；而悲喜剧的交织互融，则构成了这类小说的审美特色。     

生活仪式与自我认同——对过士行“闲人”形象的解读

本文试图从自我认同的角度来解读过士行的剧作“闲人三部曲”中的“闲人”形象。“闲人”的痴癖是个人的生活仪式 ,是他们自我命名的媒介 ,借此免于沉默无声 ,实现对平凡黯淡人生的超越。尽管生存于当代 ,但“闲人”认同的却是传统文化及其人格形象 ,这种向传统文化的寻求庇护 ,为的是使自己免于裸露在时代的震荡中。在关于人的有限性、人在世界中的位置的问题上 ,“闲人”在将各自的痴癖推向极致的同时 ,也呈现出两种不同的态度 :僭越与敬畏。     

《不能承受的生命之轻》中自我探寻的永恒悖论

探究人的悖论性存在状态、展示人性的多种可能性是米兰·昆德拉挑战自我的确定性本质、解构绝对主义的一个尝试,《不能承受的生命之轻》正是这一尝试的力作。小说中的四个主要人物体现了自我悖论性存在的两种方式,即横向坐标轴上不同自我同时存在的矛盾性和悖论性,以及纵向坐标轴上自我探寻中行为结果对行为意愿的否定性与嘲弄性。昆德拉认为,自我存在的不确定性和悖论性状态是现实世界荒诞感和人的精神世界复杂性的体现,相对性与模糊性则是自我探寻的永恒悖论,人对于自我的认识永远处于"无知"和谬误之中。     

“南田北熊”之说与相关史料勘误

田汉和熊佛西是现代戏剧史上举足轻重的剧作家,他们的剧作、剧评、戏剧理论对现代剧坛产生过巨大的影响。早在20世纪30年代,学术界便流行"南田北熊"的说法,但绝大多数学者都误以为"南田北熊"来自欧阳予倩的《近代戏剧选.序》,并且引用《近代戏剧选》时,在原文、出版时间与出版社名称方面出现严重纰漏。其实,《近代戏剧选》并非欧阳予倩所编撰,而是托名欧阳予倩的伪书。"南田北熊"之说的真正来源是罗芳洲所写《现代中国戏剧选.序》。与"南田"不同,"北熊"及其剧作、剧论在河北定县农村进行的戏剧大众化实验中曾经受到批判,而且也没有得到戏剧界的足够重视。这不仅是纯粹的艺术问题,更是与特定时代的政治环境有关。熊佛西对现代剧坛的贡献不可小觑,洪深在《中国新文学大系.戏剧集.导言》中对于熊佛西的否定性评价有失公允。     

茅盾的戏剧理论初探

一茅盾在青少年时期,除了阅读大量的经史子集外,对中国的戏曲、弹词也有浓厚的兴趣,并具有初步的鉴赏能力。踏进文学的门槛后,他就大力介绍外国的著名戏剧作品和作家,从一九一九年到一九二○年,先后在《学生杂志》上发表一系列文章,介绍了萧伯纳、易卜生、高尔基、契诃夫等世界著名作家的戏剧活动和剧作,介绍了从古希腊到近代的戏剧发展史和现代戏剧的各种流派。在这些文章中,不仅看出茅盾早期对戏剧艺术已经有广泛的了解和一定的造诣,而且初步表明了茅盾“为人生”的现实主义戏剧观。他认为“近代文学,是现代人生的反映,而戏剧又是近代文学的中心点,所以欲研究近代文学,竟不可不研究戏剧。”在茅盾看来,戏剧之所以成为“中心点”,是因为戏剧是人生更为直接的反映。茅     

Postulates and paradoxes of relative voting power — A critical re-appraisal

This paper re-evaluates the problem of measuring thea priori relative voting power of a voter in an assembly. We propose several new intuitively compelling postualtes that any reasonable index of voting power ought to satisfy. At the same time we argue that most of the paradoxes of voting power discussed in the literature are paradoxical only in a weak sense, if at all. This leaves three crippling paradoxes — the well-known paradox ofweighted voting, and two new ones presented here: thebloc anddonation paradoxes. We evaluate the four main relative power indices discussed in the literature with respect to these three severe paradoxes. The Shapley-Shubik index is seen to be immune to all three paradoxes, while the Deegan-Packel index is vulnerable to all three. The Banzhaf and the Johnston indices are demonstrably immune to the paradox of weighted voting. However, they are shown to suffer from both the bloc and the donation paradoxes. We argue that this seriously undermines these indices in a hitherto unsuspected way. Several other theoretical issues relating to voting power are discussed.     

郭步陶生平行止与新闻实践考述

郭步陶在上世纪二三十年代蜚声中国新闻界,因其为人处事低调,生平行止不为时人所知。郭步陶一生著述甚丰,1933年出版的《编辑与评论》,是对我国报纸编辑工作有史以来第一次比较全面系统的理论总结。1937年出版的《时事评论作法》,奠定了我国新闻评论学的学科基础。1937年因《新闻报》屈附日人新闻检查要求,他愤而辞职。1939年赴港创办中国新闻学院并担任院长。1962年病逝于鞍山。     

On some suggestions for having non-binary social choice functions

The various paradoxes of social choice uncovered by Arrow [1], Sen [10] and others have led some writers to question the basic assumption of a binary social choice function underlying most of these paradoxes. Schwartz [8], for example, proves an important theorem which may be considered to be a generalization of the famous paradox of Arrow, and then lays the blame for this paradox on the assumption of a binary social choice function. He then proceeds to define a type of choice functions which, like binary choice functions, define the best elements in sets of more than two alternatives on the basis of binary comparisons, but which, as he claims, have an advantage over binary choice functions, in so far as they always ensure the existence of best elements for sets of more than two alternatives irrespective of the results of binary comparisons. The purpose of this paper is to show that even a considerable weakening of the assumption of a binary social choice function does not go very far towards solving some of the paradoxes under consideration, and that if replacing the requirement of a binary social choice function by a Schwartz type social choice function solves these paradoxes, it does so only by violating the universally acceptable value judgment that in choosing from a set of alternatives, society should never choose an alternative which is Pareto inoptimal in that set (i.e., the socially best alternatives in a set should always be Pareto optimal). This argument is substantiated with the help of an extended version of Sen's [10] paradox of a Paretian liberal, and thus a by-product of our analysis is a generalization of the theorem of Sen [10]. The argument itself, however, is more general and applies also to the impossibility result proved by Schwartz [8].We are extremely grateful to Amartya Sen for his helpful comments.

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蔡元培“以美育代宗教说”的价值结构分析

蔡元培的"以美育代宗教说"不仅是一个重要的现代美学命题,更是现代中国一个极具诱惑力的文化现代性主张;既是一个启蒙现代性方案,又具有审美现代性的内涵;既深受西方现代思想的影响,又难掩文化保守主义倾向;既包含终极追求精神,又体现出世俗关怀的抱负.这些价值矛盾的生成是同中国社会思想文化的复杂生存形态及其发展路径紧密相关的.     

On the existence of stable states in game problems

Each individual or group of individuals unified by some common interests often have to either accept an offer or reject it. The choice is made on the basis of not only individual or group preferences but on the basis of the reaction to this choice by other people whose preferences are dependent to some extent on this choice. The following question is to be answered: under what conditions is an offer stable, i.e. will it be accepted by each participant in a group with non-coincident interests? To answer this question is to specify in the set of all feasible offers (options or situations) those ones which would be rejected by no participant. According to this intuitive understanding of stable offers a sequence of weak and strong equilibria referred to as active equilibria was defined. A weak equilibrium satisfies the following conditions: (1) It defines stable situations which cannot be changed by a participant because of certain retaliatory actions by the other participants, which would worsen his initial situation. (2) It always exists. (3) Under comparatively wide conditions it has a non-empty intersection with the Pareto set. (4) It includes non-cooperative equilibria well known in the game theory and does not lead to any paradoxes (as, for example, the Nash equilibrium does). These conditions, and especially the third and fourth ones, indicate that the active equilibria can be successfully used in the game theory as well. Strong equilibria define a more stable situation but they do not necessarily meet all four conditions listed above.     

王维诗歌与陶、谢的渊源新探

盛唐之前,主要由谢灵运开创的山水诗和由陶渊明开创的田园诗一直是两个各自独立发展的题材类型,只有到了王维,山水和田园才更紧密地结合在一起,并且取得了同样高度的艺术成就。重新探讨王维诗歌与陶、谢的渊源,主要包括如下两个方面:第一,王维对陶的关注贯穿其整个艺术生涯,但对陶的认识并非一成不变,而是复杂多面的,对陶的接受也有一个变化的过程,这些都在其田园山水之作中体现出来;第二,王维同时接受陶谢的影响,对陶谢不同的艺术各有汲取,并在某些具体的作品、境界中有所融合。总的来说,王维在艺术上,更接近于陶的自然,而对谢的华贵也有所汲取,但对谢是以扬弃为主的。     

陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的自由问题

陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的一个重要问题是个体自由问题。他的思考主要集中在三个方面:自由与和谐、自由与理性和自由的辩证法。在他看来,和谐、理性实质上都是对人的生命欲望和自由意志的控制与压制;人们一方面渴望并追求自由,另一方面又承受不住自由所带来的重负,由此引发自由与苦难、少数与多数的问题。     

张载及其关学研究的方法论与研究走向探析

20世纪以来,张载及其关学的研究大体经历三个阶段,相应地使用了三种方法:一是将关学定位为"关中理学"时期,其运用的是传统的理学方法;二是将张载定位为唯物主义气一元论,认为关学学者对气一元论多有承继,于是相应地也使用了唯物主义与唯心主义"两军对垒"的思维方法;三是重新将张载及其关学定位为理学,但使用的则是中国文化本位的方法,即强调要从中国文化的特点和本性出发,从中国哲学自身的特点和规律出发来研究和审视张载及其关学。由于定位的相对准确与方法的相对优化,使关学研究有了较大的推进,但目前仍留下较大的研究空间。张载及其关学研究还可从多角度、多层面进一步加以深化。     

道家自然思想的现代人文价值

老子提出了中国思想史上第一个负概念“无”,并将其作为“道”的存在方式,而与此相关的“自然”则为“道”的根本属性;继老子之后,庄子进一步将“自然”的意蕴加以扩充,“自然无为”乃成为道家理论的核心所在;郭象则以“性分”思想为理论基础,进一步对“自然”之义加以引申和发挥。在知识理性、工具理性大行其道的今天,面对当今社会出现的一系列负面问题,传统的道家自然思想依然展现着其关怀个体生命、社会众生乃至自然全体的人文价值,并依然能发挥其积极作用。     

Cultural lag, economic scarcity, and the technological quagmire of "Infant Doe"

The major purpose of this article is to explore the substantial disparity between access to resources provided at birth to a child with spina bifida--a so-called Baby Doe--and later access to resources needed to sustain that child throughout the life course. The author's organizing principle is the allocative paradoxes created by the clash of technology, scarcity, and demography. The study is based on an eight-year inquiry into the way life-saving medical decisions are made about children with spina bifida. This work focuses on the qualitative aspects of that inquiry. There is a societal need to debate health care rationing, to do much more systematic technology assessment, and to develop a much more consistently rational system of health care delivery.