当前财税体制改革的问题和对策

我国目前财税体制中存在着财力不足、债务增长过快、税收制度和财政支出管理滞后于市场经济发展等诸多问题.解决这些问题的途径是深化财税体制改革.财税体制改革的政策取向是建立公共财政体制,完善税制,加快费改税,改革财政支出管理制度,推进财政法制建设,适度举债防范财政风险等.     

对我国当前税收政策的分析和思考

自1994年税收体制改革以来,我国宏观经济环境发生了很大的变化,有效需求不足已成为当前乃至今后一个时期制约经济发展的主要因素。与此同时,我国税制总体上却未发生大的变化,现行税制的一些规定制约着国民经济的增长。针对我国现行税收政策对国民经济增长的不适应性,应采取相应的税制改革对策。     

Effects of flat tax reforms in Western Europe

Recent success of the flat income tax in Eastern Europe raises questions about whether there is scope for such a policy reform in Western Europe as well. We address this by estimating the potential distributional impact of various flat taxes for selected Western European countries. Our simulations show that in specific circumstances a revenue neutral flat tax reform can increase income equality and improve work incentives; however, in most cases there is an equity-efficiency trade-off. We show that the specific flat tax design and the welfare state regime play a key role.     

现行税制如何应对入世挑战

加入WTO后 ,我国在享有世贸组织赋予的各项权力的同时 ,也要执行WTO协议 ,履行所做出的承诺。我国现行税制尚未与国际完全接轨 ,还不完全符合WTO组织相关原则的要求。为此 ,必须对现行税制进行改革与完善 ,制定出既符合国际惯例 ,又有利于维护国家经济安全、提高国内企业竞争力和促进产业发展的税收制度。     

Why China’s Tax Revenue Is Likely to Maintain Its Rapid Growth: An Explanation within the Framework of Tax Capacity and Tax Effort

在税收能力和税收努力的理论框架下, 分析中国税收高速增长的源泉, 可以发 现, 在分税制改革后, 中国税收长时间高速增长的原因主要表现在三个方面: 分税制 的税收分权契约性质具有强烈的税收激励作用; 间接税的制度设计放大了纳税人的纳 税能力; 我国正处于“税收增长红利”集中释放期。未来第一种因素的作用将减弱, 第二种因素的作用部分消失, 第三种因素的作用依旧存在。从长期看, 由于税收增长 红利仍将持续很长一段时期, 税收仍可能保持较高速度的增长。关键词: 税收增长 税收分权 税收能力 税收努力 An analysis of the dynamics of the rapid growth of tax revenue in China within the framework of tax capacity and tax effort reveals three major drivers following the tax sharing reform. First, the nature of the decentralization contract under the tax sharing system provides strong incentives for taxation. Second, the system of indirect taxes boosts taxpayers’ taxable capacity. And third, China is enjoying the intensively present tax growth dividend. In the future, the first factor will diminish; the second factor will partially cease functioning; and the third factor will remain constant. Over the long term, the tax growth dividend will be long lasting and tax revenue will keep growing at a high speed.     

Why China＇s Tax Revenue Is Likely to Maintain Its Rapid Growth： An Explanation within the Framework of Tax Capacity and Tax Effort

在税收能力和税收努力的理论框架下,分析中国税收高速增长的源泉,可以发现,在分税制改革后,中国税收长时间高速增长的原因主要表现在三个方面：分税制的税收分权契约性质具有强烈的税收激励作用;间接税的制度设计放大了纳税人的纳税能力;我国正处于“税收增长红利”集中释放期。未来第一种因素的作用将减弱,第二种因素的作用部分消失,第三种因素的作用依旧存在。从长期看,由于税收增长红利仍将持续很长一段时期,税收仍可能保持较高速度的增长。     

Targets and Taxes: Explaining the Welfare Orientations of the Australian Public

Australia's welfare model – targeted payments alongside low but progressive taxation – exemplifies the targeted approach, prioritizing the needs of poorer citizens within the constraints of low taxation. But does this approach match the welfare orientations of Australia's voters? Does the public hold other views about welfare, emerging out of competing interests in welfare debates? We consider results of two questions included in the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes 2005. The first question asks respondents about four welfare goals that outline competing welfare orientations: targeting poverty, expanding health and education, enforcing the welfare rules and reducing welfare. The second question asks about four taxation goals drawing on similar orientations as established for welfare: targeting tax cuts, taxing for welfare, enforcing tax rules and reducing overall tax. Asking about both enables us to tell whether voters approach tax and welfare ‘consistently’ and to see whether, in Australia's case, there is a preference for Australia's targeting model. We reach three conclusions: (1) voters hold diverse preferences about welfare and taxes, but the targeted model has a relatively strong voter base; (2) voters hold ‘pro‐welfare’ orientations, choosing poverty reduction and expanding public services over both paternalism and cutting welfare, and (3) multivariate analysis indicates a level of consistency in welfare and tax orientations among voters.     

我国排污收费制度的变迁历程及改革完善措施

排污收费制度是我国重要的环境管理制度之一。从上世纪70年代末《环境保护工作汇报要点》的早期设想,到本世纪初《排污费征收管理使用条例》的正式实施,伴随着经济社会的发展和环境保护的需要,我国排污收费的相关政策法规与制度体系也一直在不断地调整充实,并已经在治污减排、筹集治理资金等领域发挥了相当的作用。不过,调研显示,我国现行的排污收费制度仍存在着收费标准偏低、排污费征收效率不高及使用不规范的问题。因此,为了更好地发挥该制度的作用功效,今后我国排污收费制度的发展改革方向应主要集中在以下几个方面:适当调高排污收费标准,推行总量控制、超标重罚措施;通过提高排污单位申报意识并严格落实申报—核定制度、提高排污费征管人员素质并加大执法力度、落实公示制度并健全稽查机制、增强环保部门财力保障并加强财政审计监督来提高排污费征收效率,规范排污费使用管理;有序推进费税改革,为开征环境税奠定基础。     

后农业税费时代乡镇政府的项目包装行为:以东北特拉河镇为例

本文以东北某农业乡镇--特拉河镇为例,分析了农村税费改革之后乡镇财政结构的变化,以及在这种结构之下乡镇政府的项目包装行为。税费改革之前,乡镇财政主要是一种“向下要”财政结构,乡镇政府主要是通过向农民征收税费的形式来实现本级政府的财政收入。税费改革之后,“项目财政”成为乡镇政府增加本级财政收入的主要来源,而这种财政收入的获得是乡镇政府通过申请“项目资金”来实现的。通过对特拉河镇大鹅养殖项目的考察,我们发现,在乡镇政府项目申请过程中,镇政府将大鹅养殖产业链条上的每个流程都包装成为项目,以此向上级政府申请资金,并且通过虚报数量、宣传、政绩化等手段来提高项目申请的成功率。笔者认为,“向上要”财政结构决定了乡镇政府的项目包装行为。     

税收宣传存在的问题与对策

当前的税收宣传工作,从宣传目的到形式,从宣传的内容到方法都存在一定误区;实施税收宣传的主体和客体也有待于进一步明确.因此,要树立大税收宣传观念,做到内部和外部宣传有机结合;增强针对性,做到宣传形式与内容的有机结合;营造全民税收文化,做到继承与创新有机结合.     

Inheritance taxes in Australia: a matter of indifference,not taboo

The failure of the Henry Tax Review to fuel public debate around inheritance taxes in Australia leads some commentators to suggest that inheritance taxes are taboo in Australia. This article uses Beckert's historical analysis of inheritance law in the United States, Germany and France to assess this claim from a comparative perspective. It argues that the discursive field around inheritance taxes in Australia aligns most closely with that in the United States, but that there are substantial differences nonetheless. Whereas in the United States inheritance taxes are a touchstone for competing visions of liberal society, in Australia liberal ideals are heavily moderated by diverse pragmatic considerations. The upshot is a long tradition of bipartisanship and relative indifference around inheritance taxes, making it difficult to promote public debate as proposed by the Henry Review. At the same time, the fiscal challenges identified by the Henry Review—arising especially from the ageing of the population—means that we should not exaggerate the obstacles to their reinstatement.     

泰国企业所得税制度及其现存问题探析

泰国政府于2011年颁布了第530号皇家法令,规定了降低企业所得税税率的政策,但该政策在泰国学界引起了很大争议。通过全面介绍泰国企业所得税制度,阐明了第530号法令规定的减税政策所造成的影响及泰国企业所得税制度存在的其他相关问题,提出了解决问题的方法。     

From the hidden welfare state to the hidden part of welfare state reform: Analyzing the uses and effects of fiscal welfare in France

This article argues that fiscal welfare in Europe not only forms part of the “hidden welfare state” (Howard, 1997 ), but also constitutes an important yet understudied—and therefore hidden—element of welfare state reform. Using the example of France, and relying both on available data and on an exhaustive database of social tax expenditures (STEs) compiled for 2014, the article begins by providing an overview of the structure of STEs in France (section 2 ). It then analyzes the specific uses and effects of STEs in the fields of employment, health care, and pensions. In particular, it shows, first of all, how STEs have constituted a privileged instrument for circumventing certain institutional features such as high levels of minimum wage and of social security contributions in the field of employment (section 3 ). Second, it also shows that STEs have been used to quietly divert resources away from the earmarked social security funds and into collective private insurance funds, thus fueling their development, in the case of health care and pensions (section 4 ). Lastly, the article engages with the notion of the “social division of welfare” (Titmuss, 1958 ) by considering some of the distributional effects of fiscal welfare in France (section 5 ), before concluding (section 6 ).     

论新形势下的地税发展对策

当前,地方税收工作面临新的挑战和机遇。地税战线应认清形势,抓住机遇,增强依法治税意识,提升税收执法水平;深化征管改革,提高税收征管水平;加快税收信息化建设,提高税收工作的科技含量,从而全面推进地税事业的发展。     

积极财政政策下的税收政策取向

积极财政政策作为我国近期宏观调控经济的基本政策,已取得了一定效益.我国继续实施积极的财政政策还有一定的空间和时间,但仅以增发国债为主的积极财政政策有其局限性,而减税在弥补扩大投资的局限性方面有不可替代的作用.减税政策是"十五"期间国民经济发展的客观需要,应保持相对长期的稳定性,并应遵循一定的原则.     

出口退税政策效应研究

1994年我国税制改革后,按增值税暂行条例的规定,实行出口货物税率为零的优惠政策,亦即出口退税。实施出口退税政策是国际通行的做法,政策的初衷是鼓励出口,但客观产生了避免国际双重征税,体现国家税收主权独立,体现税收的公平与效率以及税收的国民待遇等政策效应。     

税收质量的界定、制度比较与借鉴

税收质量是指税收效率、税收公平及两者均衡的状态,主要体现在税收结构、税收分权体制以及税收征收管理机制三个方面上。不同经济发展水平国家的税收质量存在着较大差异性。税收质量要注重长远利益与现实利益的兼顾,在利益导向和控制导向基础上平衡各级政府的税权划分,不断强化以税收服务和监督保障为核心的税收征收管理运行机制。从短期看,我国税收质量仍旧要以税收效率作为主要目标,兼顾税收公平作用的发挥;随着生产力水平的不断提高,要逐步强化税收公平,以税收公平促进税收效率。     

关于调整我国出口退税政策的分析

文章主要就我国增值税税基及出口退税政策中存在的问题进行了深刻分析。由于我国选择的是生产型增值税 ,同时又存在出口不能彻底退税的问题 ,因此 ,使商品含税价格进入国际市场参与竞争。这不仅违背了国际“公平税赋”、“公平进入”的原则 ,最根本的是使我国出口商品竞争能力减弱。本文指出了生产型增值税的弊端 ,提出应重新选择增值税类型 ,并加强出口退税管理 ,采取措施 ,寻求新的出口增长点     

Making work pay, making tax credits work: An assessment with specific reference to lone-parent employment

Abstract   This article examines the origins, aims, and design of tax credits in the United Kingdom, and discusses the extent to which tax credits represent a new approach in social security policy. It then focuses on the role that these transfers play in supporting lone mothers in employment, drawing on the experiences of lone-parent families to explore how tax credits worked for them. The discussion highlights the tensions between family and employment change and tax credits rules about reporting changes in circumstances and income.     

财政透明度与税收支出预算的构建

国家两部门公布的2008年度的税收统计数据的差异引发了人们的热烈关注。两数据统计口径的差异,折射出在我国构建税收支出预算的必要性和紧迫性,这将有助于未来我国提高财政和预算的透明度。