社会工作伦理困境及其解决方式

社会工作专业的本质是一种道德实践,其对意识形态的介入及专业实践中所涉的道德价值判断和伦理抉择使之不同于一般的专业。社会工作在专业化的进程中包涵着诸多的伦理议题,概括之为:社会工作的道德特质、伦理困境、伦理抉择等。这些构成了社会工作复杂的价值与伦理议题中的核心议题。对这些问题的探讨有助于进一步澄清社会工作的专业本质,并提升社会工作的专业化水平。     

社会工作伦理困境及其解决方式

社会工作专业的本质是一种道德实践,其对意识形态的介入及专业实践中所涉的道德价值判断和伦理抉择使之不同于一般的专业。社会工作在专业化的进程中包涵着诸多的伦理议题,概括之为：社会工作的道德特质、伦理困境、伦理抉择等。这些构成了社会工作复杂的价值与伦理议胚中的核心议题。对这些问题的探讨有助于进一步澄清社会工作的专业本质,并提升社会工作的专业化水平。     

居家养老心理关爱服务的困境与思考

居家养老是适应我国人口老龄化实情、符合我国传统文化习俗的一种养老方式,是当前我国养老的主要模式。全面推进居家养老工作,不仅需要给予老年人生活上的帮助,还要对老年人给予精神安慰。意识到老年人心理关爱服务将是未来居家养老服务的重要趋势,江苏经贸职业技术学院开始创建南京市鼓楼区大方巷居家养老服务中心,并将关爱老年心理作为自己的服务特色。     

社区居家养老模式的探索及思考——以广州市为例

在中国人口老龄化形势日益严峻的挑战下,一种新型养老模式——＂社区居家养老＂模式得到了实践和推广。广州市自2005年开始进行社区居家养老的探索,目前已形成了若干具有代表性的社区居家养老运作方式。继续推进社区居家养老的发展,应从拓宽筹资渠道、提升服务人员的专业化水平、有效整合服务资源、加大宣传力度等几个方面加以改进和完善。     

济南市：建立居家养老服务长效机制

【新政出台】 为进一步推动养老服务社会化,探索多种形式的养老服务模式,改善老年人特别是困难老年人的生存状况,提高他们的生活质量,结合“贴心民政”,打造情暧夕阳居家养老服务品牌,济南市民政局、财政局联合制定出台了《济南市居家养老服务工作实施意见》（济民发[2010]26号）,建立了居家养老服务长效机制。     

山东博兴县：专业社工献服务居家老人事温暖

近年来，山东博兴县民政局非常重视社会工作人才队伍建设工作，按照“社工＋从工＋义工”的模式，把居家养老工作纳入工作重点。2010年从济南山泉服务社引进了3名专业社工，重点负责居家养老工作。目前，     

养老机构社会工作如何实现“三化”

对于养老机构来说,社会工作在提高机构服务专业化水平,创新机构管理和服务模式,构建和谐机构中的重要作用日益被认同和重视.然而如何才能更好地推动养老机构社会工作发展,提高社会工作的专业化、职业化、社会化水平则成为机构管理者和社会工作者所必须共同思考的问题.     

中国社会工作伦理本土化对社会需求的回应

社会工作本土化是社会工作引入中国以来一直备受重视的问题。文章选择了社会工作伦理的角度，结合社会工作伦理面临的现实困境，探讨社会工作对社会需求回应的路径，提出通过在吸收中国传统文化的基础上改造西方社会工作伦理、调整社会工作者与服务对象的关系并促进双方能力建设、优化评估机制以确保专业服务的质量和重视社会工作伦理教育等四个方面回应社会需求，对社会工作伦理的专业化和本土化进行了思考。     

社会工作视阈下的中国社区居家养老

随着我国人口老龄化速度的加快和家庭养老功能的弱化,社区居家养老逐渐成为中国的一种新型养老模式.本文首先分析目前我国社区居家养老服务的现状,然后总结发达国家和地区社区居家养老服务的经验,最后以社会工作视角提出完善我国社区居家养老服务的对策建议     

青岛市城阳区：惠老有十招

一是开展居家养老服务工作,建立城乡一体的居家养老服务模式。目前,全区各社区均已建立居家养老服务站,启动70岁以上独居困难家庭老年人居家养老服务。采取政府购买服务的方式,从低保户和低保边缘家庭中招聘了247名服务人员,为410名老年人提供生活照料、精神慰藉等服务。     

A New Look at Home Care and the Hospital Social Worker

Clinical, administrative and social action reasons for expanding social work services in hospital based home care programs are persuasive. Hospital departments of social work should consider carefully how they may expand services in home care and coordinate and integrate such activities with social work and discharge planning processes occurring throughout the hospital. It is necessary for social work leadership to be present on professional advisory, quality assurance and similar committees and to use these committees as arenas for expanding the social work role in home care.     

Evaluating the Roles of Professional Geriatric Care Managers in Maintaining the Quality of Life for Older Americans

This study examined the roles of Professional Geriatric Care Managers (PGCMs). In-depth telephone surveys were completed with 19 PGCMs. Qualitative data were coded independently by two researchers. PGCMs reported that most clients and/or families seek services in response to a health crisis or because a family member was providing care at a distance. Most emphasized the importance of treating clients as autonomous decision-makers. Services described as most useful were supporting families and caregivers, being an advocate for clients, conducting initial assessments and ongoing follow up, and educating families about community resources and the financing of long term care. Regarding maintaining the quality of life for their older clients, a number of care managers described assisting clients to live independently at home, arranging for transfer to an appropriate level of care, and helping clients die peacefully with dignity. Major challenges PGCMs encountered were family conflicts and obtaining needed services. Recommendations to improve PGCM practice include increasing awareness of services, and establishing minimum professional standards through certification.     

Quality of care: relationship between the perceptions of elderly home care users and their caregivers

The aim was to study the relationship between elderly home care users', and their caregivers', perceptions of the quality of care. The sample consisted of 151 matched elderly home care user-caregiver pairs in a Swedish municipality. The elderly home care users were interviewed and their caregivers filled in questionnaires using an established, theory-based instrument. Results showed that the elderly home care users evaluated most care components more favourably than their caregivers. On ratings of the various care components' subjective importance to the caretaker, the caregivers consistently scored higher than the elderly home care users. Within the subset of elderly home care users who received help at least twice a day, there were greater similarities between caregivers and caretakers. The results are related to comparable research and discussed in terms of caregivers' needs to legitimize their professional identity and actions.     

建设“专志结合”的高素质居家养老服务队伍的思考

随着我国人口老龄化加剧,老年人长期照护和服务的需求越来越大,养老服务专业人才匮乏与养老需求巨大的矛盾日趋突出,加强养老服务人才队伍建设已是我国目前应对人口老龄化亟待解决的问题。本文从培养具备现代养老服务理念、知识与技能的专业化队伍和打造制度化、规范化、常态化的志愿者队伍两个方面,阐述了建设＂专志结合＂的高素质居家养老服务队伍问题。     

Supplemental home care and topping‐up: A shift from service universalism towards a new and privatised public service model?

How does a public service model based on service universalism react to the introduction of market principles of topping up? In a recent so‐called Free Municipality Scheme (an experimental scheme that allowed for greater operational autonomy locally in an effort to reduce state bureaucracy), a number of Danish municipalities were for the first time ever allowed to compete with for‐profit providers of home care in selling supplemental home care services paid entirely by the user. The take‐home message from this experience is that the introduction of supplemental home care entails challenges and eventually wider implications for the public service model, on an economic, organisational and cultural level. Supplemental services represent a new and potentially powerful combination of market and state logics that eventually redirects away from the universalist welfare state and towards a new and increasingly privatised public service model – a model where the service level is determined by the user's capacity to purchase and pay for services. The introduction of such services therefore implies a change of the potential of the Nordic welfare state to ensure equal access regardless of class and income.     

Raising the Quality of Home Care: A Study of Service Users' Views

Raising standards is one of the key objectives of the British government's Modernizing Agenda. The quality of life of vulnerable older people who are being maintained at home is fundamentally dependent on the quality of the home‐care services they receive, so raising standards of home care is clearly central to this agenda. This paper draws on a small‐scale study of service users and providers to examine the aspects of quality of home care of importance to older people, their experiences and barriers to improvement. Six key aspects of quality were investigated: reliability, continuity, flexibility, communication, staff attitudes and skills and knowledge. If performance indicators are to have the desired effect, more work needs to be done to ensure they reflect key aspects of quality from the user perspective. We identify potential areas for improvement in commissioning and organization but these all have resource implications that will need to be met if home care is to realize its full potential in maintaining and improving quality of life for older people.     

基于职业能力培养的老年服务与管理专业社会实践模式探究

职业能力的培养,是高职专业人才培养的关键。老年服务与管理专业应立足养老技术领域实际,结合老龄事业和产业岗位的任职要求,充分发掘自身专业优势,改革社会实践模式,创新人才培养模式,提升学生的职业能力。     

Improving Emergency Care for the Elderly

Much has been written on the developing role for social workers in hospital emergency rooms but little has focused specifically on social work interventions with elderly emergency room patients in an urban teaching hospital. A group of fifty patients over sixty-five years of age, referred to social service for assessment and assistance with home care issues, is described. The emergency room social worker's role with these elderly patients is highlighted and three case examples are discussed. It is argued that social work interventions improve the quality of both emergency and ongoing care for this growing and often at risk population.     

The Effects of Marketization of Long-term Care Services for Older Adults in Korea

To cope with the rapid increase in aging population, the South Korean government introduced new long-term care insurance in 2008 by using the market forces and mechanisms of competition and choice. The study explored the effect of the marketization of long-term care (LTC) services on the provision of services under the Korean long-term care insurance (LTCI) system. By adopting qualitative semi-structured in-depth interview methods, the experiences of 17 home visiting service provider managers were examined. The study results suggest that the marketization of LTC services faces several challenges. Some of the stakeholders in the field, such as home visiting service providers, care workers, and older clients, appear to employ unlawful activities or unprincipled behaviors to maximize their individual interests. The results also suggest that the unprincipled behavior, unlawful activities, and financial problems that service providers face contribute to low quality care services. Future studies should explore these issues using larger samples of service users and providers.     

Home care development in Korea and Germany: The interplay of long-term care and professionalization policies

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of long-term care and professionalization policies on the development of home care infrastructure and the care workforce in reference to long-term care insurance systems adopted in Germany and Korea. A comparative analysis of the effects of the two policy systems allowed us to examine distinct forms of marketized home care service expansion. In both countries, the opening-up of care markets has brought about a significant expansion of home care services through the active participation of mainly for-profit providers. However, a trade-off between the rate of expansion, the quality of care services, and the stability of care infrastructure has emerged. The market-based expansion of home care services has resulted in difficult employment and working conditions for care workers in both countries. The country-specific organization of home care and related professionalization approaches has led to the development of a well-trained care workforce with less precarious conditions in Germany but not in Korea. Despite this difference, less well-trained care workers experience precarious employment in both countries.