论中古汉语音韵对域外方言语音体系的影响——以日语拨音为例

中国作为拥有几千年历史的文明古国,历史上在各个方面对周边国家和地区都产生过重大影响。从语言角度讲,古代汉语对周边国家和地区的语言系统也产生过或多或少的影响。汉语的三大域外方言之一的日语语音体系中,原本没有拨音,它是在中古汉语阳声韵中的[n]、[m]韵尾音的影响下形成的,并通过变中古汉语[n]、[m]等辅音韵尾为元音的发展过程最终确立起来的。古代日语语音体系构造简单,在中国古代汉语语音的影响下,日语语音体系由简单向复杂发展,逐步出现了浊音、拗音、长音、拨音、促音等新型语音。但其语音系统的根干(V结构和CV结构)从古至今没有改变。这种特点不仅体现在现代日语语音体系中,还显著体现在日本平安时代以前的各个时期的语音体系中。由于古代日语音系中不存在辅音韵尾,早期转译中古汉语音韵中的辅音韵尾时,必然要使之元音化,以保证日语固有语音体系基础不被动摇。日语汉字拨音的产生、发展和中古汉语的前期、后期都有很大关系。可以说,如果没有中古汉语影响,日语语音体系也不会发生如此重大变化。     

民政部鼓励和引导民间资本进入养老服务领域——解析《民政部关于鼓励和引导民间资本进入养老服务领域的实施意见》

[新政出台] 2012年7月24日,民政部下发了《民政部关于鼓励和引导民间资本进入养老服务领域的实施意见》(民发[2012]13号,以下简称《意见》).这是贯彻落实《国务院关于鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的若干意见》(国发[2010]13号)的具体行动,是促进社会养老服务投资主体多元化的重要举措,对于加快推进以居家为基础、社区为依托、机构为支撑的社会养老服务体系,具有重要的推动作用.     

上海市：扶持力度不断加强 养老服务日臻完善

为了适应上海市老年人口快速增长的形势,促进养老服务事业发展,根据《国务院关于加强和改进社区服务工作的意见》(国发[2006]14号)、《国务院办公厅转发全国老龄委办公室和发展改革委等部门关于加快发展养老服务业意见的通知》(国办发[2006]6号)的精神,落实《上海市国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》的要求,经上海市政府同意,上海市民政局、上海市发展和改革委员会、上海市建设和交通委员会、上海市财政局、上海市劳动和社会保障局、上海市卫生局以及上海市医疗保险局近日联合下发《关于进一步促进本市养老服务事业发展的意见》(沪民福发[2006]18号),就继续执行和不断完善养老服务扶持措施,促进全市养老服务事业发展提出了指导意见。     

力推试点工作 创新发展模式——解析《民政部办公厅、发展改革委办公厅关于开展养老服务业综合改革试点工作的通知》

正【政策快递】近日,民政部、发展改革委联合印发了《民政部办公厅、发展改革委办公厅关于开展养老服务业综合改革试点工作的通知(民办发[2013]23号,以下简称《通知》),决定在全国开展养老服务业综合改革试点工作。《通知》的出台,是贯彻落实党的十八届三中全会精神和《国务院关于加快发展养老服务业的若干意见》(国发[2013]35号)的具体举措,对于进一步优化养老服务业发展的政策     

上海市社会福利企业管理处公告

根据国家民政部《福利企业资格认定办法》（民发[2007]103号）、《国家税务总局民政部中国残疾人联合会关于促进残疾人就业税收优惠政策征管办法的通知》（国税发[2007]67号）的精神,依据（（上海市福利企业资格认定实施办法（试行）》（沪民企管发[2007]23号）和《上海市国家税务局上海市地方税务局上海市民政局上海市残疾人联合会关于下发本市残疾人就业企业享受税收优惠政策资格年度验审管理办法的通知》（沪国税货[2010]23号）的规定,     

济南市：建立财政专项补贴 提高孤儿福利保障

【新政出台】 为更好地推动孤儿福利保障工作,落实民政部、财政部等15部委《关于加强孤儿救助工作的意见》（民发[2009]52号）和山东省民政厅、财政厅等15个部门《关于加强孤儿救助工作的意见》（鲁民[2009]106号）文件精神及民政部制定孤儿最低养育标准的要求，济南市民政局和财政局联合制定出台了“关于建立孤儿福利保障制度的意见》（济民发[2010]27号）。     

开展监测工作 加强绩效评估 推进体系建设

为全面推进社会养老服务体系建设,加强绩效评估,民政部于去年制定了《社会养老服务发展监测指标体系》(民发[2012]92号)。民政部办公厅下发《关于报送2010～2012年社会养老服务发展监测情况的通知》(民办函[2012]328号),民政部社会福利和慈善事业促进司老年人福利处对各省(区、市)报送的数据和报告进行了梳理分析。监测工作取得的成效建立指标体系是推进社会养老服务体系建设的现实需要,是提高科学决策水平的重要抓手和评估工作的重要依据。《关于报送2010～2012年社会养老服务发展监测情况的通知》下发后,各地高度重视,明确专人负责,并建立岗前培训和信息定期交换制度,充分发挥网络信息平台支撑作用,初步实现了监测工作服务宏观决     

金昌市：着力开展养老服务社会化

四大机制:保障养老服务社会化良性运行 机制之一:建立组织领导机制.根据民政部《关于开展养老服务社会化示范活动的通知》(民函[2005]48号)和《民政部关于开展全国养老服务社会化示范单位创建活动的通知》(民函[2006]292号)精神,把养老服务社会化纳入全市经济社会发展规划,列入年度工作重点,明确目标,统一部署,层层落实,逐步建立了政府主导、民政牵头、部门配合、社会参与的养老服务社会化管理体制和工作机制.     

上海市社会福利企业管理处公告

根据国家民政部《福利企业资格认定办法》（民发[2007]103号）、《国家税务总局民政部中国残疾人联合会关于促进残疾人就业税收优惠政策征管办法的通知》（国税发[2007]67号）的精神,依据《上海市福利企业资格认定实施办法（试行）》（沪民企管发[2007]23号）和《上海市国家税务局上海市地方税务局上海市民政局上海市残疾人联合会关于下发本市残疾人就业企业享受税收优惠政策资格年度验审管理办法的通知）》（沪国税货[2010]23号）的规定,经上海市民政局、上海市国家税务局、上海市地方税务局联合进行的2012年度全市福利企业资格认定年检暨福利企业享受税收优惠政策资格年度验审,     

青岛市市北区为“居家养老”送服务

针对目前老年人居家养老这一新课题,青岛市市北区自2004年3月份通过分析论证,推出了政府“买单”为部分居家养老的老年人提供服务的新模式,居家养老服务取得了明显成效。一是起草了《关于开展居家养老服务的实施意见(试行)》(北政民发[2004]48号)、《关于开展居家养老服务工作的操作方案(试行)》(北政     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.     

简论中国艺术思维的基本形态

中国艺术思维的基本形态包括:观察、摹形、情感、想象、象征、整体、妙悟。观察是中国艺术思维的起点之一;人类早期的造型艺术,就是从摹形发展而来的;中国艺术十分强调情感因素;想象是中国艺术的基本形态之一;中国艺术思维具有强烈的象征性;中国艺术历来讲究整体性;妙悟是中国艺术思维的特有现象。     

How to read efficiently

At present, the university graduates have mountains of books to read. For this phenomenon, this paper first indicates why the students must read extensively and then tentatively suggests three measures establish new concept in reading, practise reading pragmatically, review and exchange.