正态线形模型下缺失值的Bootstrap多重插补与比较

缺失值是调查中普遍存在的问题,对缺失值进行插补是处理缺失值的较好方法.如果变量之间存在相关关系,可以通过正态线形模型利用不存在缺失值的变量对有存在缺失值的变量进行插补.较之单一插补,多重插补更能有效地估计总体方差,因此更多地被使用.文章借助Bootstrap法,让模型的参数和残差来自完全观测的Bootstrap样本的最小平法估计,可进一步准确估计总体方差.通过大量模拟试验,发现Bootstrap多重插补较之单一插补和一般多重插补能构建更宽的置信区间从而有更准确的总体参数覆盖率,这点在数据缺失比重很大时优势更明显.     

缺失数据的多重插补方法

插补法是对缺失数据的调整方法,多重插补弥补了单一插补的缺陷,采用一系列可能的数据集来填充每一个缺失数据值,反映了缺失数据的不确定性。本文介绍了多重插补程序的三种数据插补方法:回归预测法、倾向得分法和蒙特卡罗的马氏链方法,并且对多重插补的插补效果进行推断,指出多重插补存在的问题。     

缺失数据插补处理方法的比较研究

文章将抽样调查中由于项目无回答所形成的缺失数据作为研究着眼点,从矩阵运算的角度分析了此类缺失数据带来的危害,在此基础上,对缺失数据插补处理方法的基本问题进行了讨论,分析了各种单一插补方法特点及局限性,并介绍了简单随机抽样、分层随机抽样条件下缺失数据多重插补的抽样推断方法,在此基础上,对常用的单一插补和多重插补方法进行了比较,并对简单随机抽样、分层随机抽样条件下缺失数据单一插补与多重插补方法的效率进行了实证研究与比较。     

缺失数据下非线性均值方差模型的参数估计

文章在响应变量随机缺失下研究非线性均值方差模型的参数估计问题.基于回归插补和随机回归插补两种缺失插补方法以及结合Gauss-Newton迭代计算算法给出该模型中未知参数的极大似然估计.并通过对两个随机模拟例子实际例子的研究分析,结果都表明了所提出的模型与统计方法具有可行性和实用性.     

多重插补处理缺失数据方法的理论基础探析

本文在比较单一插补法与多重插补法的基础上,对多重插补处理方法的理论基础做了深入探讨,并介绍了多重插补法处理缺失数据的基本思想.     

缺失数据处理中相关问题的探讨

文章就缺失数据处理中涉及到的相关问题做了初步探讨,并在比较单一插补法与多重插补法的基础上,举例说明多重插补法处理缺失数据的基本程序。     

分层随机抽样条件下缺失数据的多重插补方法

介绍分层随机抽样条件下多重插补法处理缺失数据的基本思想,分析可忽略无回答的分层随机抽样建立多重插补的常用方法,并通过实例加以说明.     

顾客满意度测评中的缺失值处理方法

文章通过对缺失值处理方法分析,提出基于分类的三种缺失值处理方法:分类的均值插补法、分类的多重插补法和分类的K-means方法;该方法先对被调查对象问卷中的满意度关键字段按照分值进行分类,然后在同类中的缺失值用该类的平均值、多重插补值和聚类中心值替代.最后,以某食品公司为研究对象,对顾客满意度测评模型进行带缺失值的实证分析.结果表明:基于分类的三种缺失值处理方法优于均值插补法、多重插补法和K-means方法,为顾客满意度指数测评中的缺失值处理提供了实用方法.     

缺失偏态数据下线性回归模型的统计推断

研究缺失偏态数据下线性回归模型的参数估计问题,针对缺失偏态数据,为克服样本分布扭曲缺点和提高模型的回归系数、尺度参数和偏度参数的估计效果,提出了一种适合偏态数据下线性回归模型中缺失数据的修正回归插补方法.通过随机模拟和实例研究,并与均值插补、回归插补、随机回归插补方法比较,结果表明所提出的修正回归插补方法是有效可行的.     

含缺失数据的半参数模型的稳健估计

文章在响应变量随机缺失下,基于分位数回归研究了半参数模型的稳健估计问题。首先基于B样条基函数近似技术,将模型非参数函数的估计问题转化为样条系数向量估计问题;其次,在响应变量随机缺失下,提出了一种新的插补方法,对缺失的响应变量进行多重插补;再次,基于插补后的数据集,构造出新的分位数目标函数,得到模型非参数函数以及参数向量的稳健估计;最后给出了有效算法计算多重插补估计量。通过模拟研究验证了所提方法的有效性和稳健性。     

Multiple Imputation for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model with Missing Covariates

We present three multiple imputation estimates for the Cox model with missing covariates. Two of the suggested estimates are asymptotically equivalent to estimates in the literature when the number of multiple imputations approaches infinity. The third estimate can be implemented using standard software that could handle time-varying covariates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Missing data: Discussion points from the PSI missing data expert group

The Points to Consider Document on Missing Data was adopted by the Committee of Health and Medicinal Products (CHMP) in December 2001. In September 2007 the CHMP issued a recommendation to review the document, with particular emphasis on summarizing and critically appraising the pattern of drop‐outs, explaining the role and limitations of the ‘last observation carried forward’ method and describing the CHMP's cautionary stance on the use of mixed models. In preparation for the release of the updated guidance document, statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry held a one‐day expert group meeting in September 2008. Topics that were debated included minimizing the extent of missing data and understanding the missing data mechanism, defining the principles for handling missing data and understanding the assumptions underlying different analysis methods. A clear message from the meeting was that at present, biostatisticians tend only to react to missing data. Limited pro‐active planning is undertaken when designing clinical trials. Missing data mechanisms for a trial need to be considered during the planning phase and the impact on the objectives assessed. Another area for improvement is in the understanding of the pattern of missing data observed during a trial and thus the missing data mechanism via the plotting of data; for example, use of Kaplan–Meier curves looking at time to withdrawal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于随机森林模型的分类数据缺失值插补

缺失数据是影响调查问卷数据质量的重要因素,对调查问卷中的缺失值进行插补可以显著提高调查数据的质量。调查问卷的数据类型多以分类型数据为主,数据挖掘技术中的分类算法是处理属性分类问题的常用方法,随机森林模型是众多分类算法中精度较高的方法之一。将随机森林模型引入调查问卷缺失数据的插补研究中,提出了基于随机森林模型的分类数据缺失值插补方法,并根据不同的缺失模式探讨了相应的插补步骤。通过与其它方法的实证模拟比较,表明随机森林插补法得到的插补值准确度更优、可信度更高。     

Missing data sensitivity analysis for recurrent event data using controlled imputation

Statistical analyses of recurrent event data have typically been based on the missing at random assumption. One implication of this is that, if data are collected only when patients are on their randomized treatment, the resulting de jure estimator of treatment effect corresponds to the situation in which the patients adhere to this regime throughout the study. For confirmatory analysis of clinical trials, sensitivity analyses are required to investigate alternative de facto estimands that depart from this assumption. Recent publications have described the use of multiple imputation methods based on pattern mixture models for continuous outcomes, where imputation for the missing data for one treatment arm (e.g. the active arm) is based on the statistical behaviour of outcomes in another arm (e.g. the placebo arm). This has been referred to as controlled imputation or reference‐based imputation. In this paper, we use the negative multinomial distribution to apply this approach to analyses of recurrent events and other similar outcomes. The methods are illustrated by a trial in severe asthma where the primary endpoint was rate of exacerbations and the primary analysis was based on the negative binomial model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient Robust Estimation for Linear Models with Missing Response at Random

Coefficient estimation in linear regression models with missing data is routinely carried out in the mean regression framework. However, the mean regression theory breaks down if the error variance is infinite. In addition, correct specification of the likelihood function for existing imputation approach is often challenging in practice, especially for skewed data. In this paper, we develop a novel composite quantile regression and a weighted quantile average estimation procedure for parameter estimation in linear regression models when some responses are missing at random. Instead of imputing the missing response by randomly drawing from its conditional distribution, we propose to impute both missing and observed responses by their estimated conditional quantiles given the observed data and to use the parametrically estimated propensity scores to weigh check functions that define a regression parameter. Both estimation procedures are resistant to heavy‐tailed errors or outliers in the response and can achieve nice robustness and efficiency. Moreover, we propose adaptive penalization methods to simultaneously select significant variables and estimate unknown parameters. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are carefully investigated. An efficient algorithm is developed for fast implementation of the proposed methodologies. We also discuss a model selection criterion, which is based on an IC_Q ‐type statistic, to select the penalty parameters. The performance of the proposed methods is illustrated via simulated and real data sets.     

Missing data techniques for multilevel data: implications of model misspecification

When modeling multilevel data, it is important to accurately represent the interdependence of observations within clusters. Ignoring data clustering may result in parameter misestimation. However, it is not well established to what degree parameter estimates are affected by model misspecification when applying missing data techniques (MDTs) to incomplete multilevel data. We compare the performance of three MDTs with incomplete hierarchical data. We consider the impact of imputation model misspecification on the quality of parameter estimates by employing multiple imputation under assumptions of a normal model (MI/NM) with two-level cross-sectional data when values are missing at random on the dependent variable at rates of 10%, 30%, and 50%. Five criteria are used to compare estimates from MI/NM to estimates from MI assuming a linear mixed model (MI/LMM) and maximum likelihood estimation to the same incomplete data sets. With 10% missing data (MD), techniques performed similarly for fixed-effects estimates, but variance components were biased with MI/NM. Effects of model misspecification worsened at higher rates of MD, with the hierarchical structure of the data markedly underrepresented by biased variance component estimates. MI/LMM and maximum likelihood provided generally accurate and unbiased parameter estimates but performance was negatively affected by increased rates of MD.     

Linear Increments with Non‐monotone Missing Data and Measurement Error

Linear increments (LI) are used to analyse repeated outcome data with missing values. Previously, two LI methods have been proposed, one allowing non‐monotone missingness but not independent measurement error and one allowing independent measurement error but only monotone missingness. In both, it was suggested that the expected increment could depend on current outcome. We show that LI can allow non‐monotone missingness and either independent measurement error of unknown variance or dependence of expected increment on current outcome but not both. A popular alternative to LI is a multivariate normal model ignoring the missingness pattern. This gives consistent estimation when data are normally distributed and missing at random (MAR). We clarify the relation between MAR and the assumptions of LI and show that for continuous outcomes multivariate normal estimators are also consistent under (non‐MAR and non‐normal) assumptions not much stronger than those of LI. Moreover, when missingness is non‐monotone, they are typically more efficient.     

Missing item imputation for quality-of-life instruments with application to asthma quality-of-life questionnaires

There has been increasing use of quality-of-life (QoL) instruments in drug development. Missing item values often occur in QoL data. A common approach to solve this problem is to impute the missing values before scoring. Several imputation procedures, such as imputing with the most correlated item and imputing with a row/column model or an item response model, have been proposed. We examine these procedures using data from two clinical trials, in which the original asthma quality-of-life questionnaire (AQLQ) and the miniAQLQ were used. We propose two modifications to existing procedures: truncating the imputed values to eliminate outliers and using the proportional odds model as the item response model for imputation. We also propose a novel imputation method based on a semi-parametric beta regression so that the imputed value is always in the correct range and illustrate how this approach can easily be implemented in commonly used statistical software. To compare these approaches, we deleted 5% of item values in the data according to three different missingness mechanisms, imputed them using these approaches and compared the imputed values with the true values. Our comparison showed that the row/column-model-based imputation with truncation generally performed better, whereas our new approach had better performance under a number scenarios.