基于CVaR风险度量的投资组合优化决策

投资组合优化问题依赖于风险度量方法和投资组合收益率分布函数的选取。针对收益率通常不服从多元正态分布以及均值—方差模型低估了投资组合发生重大损失的风险,文章利用多元广义双曲线分布来拟合投资组合收益率,从而更加灵活地捕捉收益率数据的偏态和尖峰厚尾特征;使用CVaR代替方差和VaR来度量金融资产重大损失风险,进而建立均值—CVaR投资优化模型。实证研究结果表明,相对于均值—方差模型,均值—CVaR能够更好地反映投资组合收益率分布,提高投资者控制投资风险的能力。     

中国股市收益率分布特征实证研究

金融资产收益率是金融经济学中的一个非常重要的概念,能否对收益率的分布状况进行正确描述直接关系到证券组合选择的正确性、风险管理的有效性、期权定价的合理性.在描述股价行为的经典计量模型中,股市收益率通常被假定服从正态分布.许多著名的计量金融学家对这一经典假设作了大量的理论与实证分析,结果表明金融市场上绝大多数股市收益率并不服从正态分布,而具有尖峰、厚尾、非对称等特征.本文借助No1an的稳定分布分析软件对上海综合指数收益率和深圳成分指数收益率的分布状况进行实证分析,研究结果表明这两类股指收益率均可用稳定分布对其进行描述.     

基于GARCH族模型的VaR与CVaR值的实证与应用

文章以港交所H股指数期货的收盘价格数据作为实证载体,研究在正态分布、T分布和广义误差分布下GARCH、EGARCH及PARCH模型的VaR值和CVaR值,经过比较和检验,其结果显示:一、三种分布对结果拟合最好的是广义误差分布GED;二、在VaR值预测失效的时候,CVaR值仍然能够比较准确的预测结果,对CVaR值的测量效果最佳的是基于GED分布的PARCH模型。     

基于Pearson Ⅳ分布的VaR与CVaR估计

基于GARCH模型,用Pearson Ⅳ分布拟合标准残差,给出一种更为精确的VaR和CVaR计算方法.重点研究在Norm-GARCH、t-GARCH与GED-GARCH模型下,用原分布和Pearson Ⅳ分布计算VaR的比较,结果表明,用Pearson Ⅳ分布计算VaR都能得到比原分布更小的失败率,且在三种模型之下用Pearson Ⅳ分布计算VaR结果很接近,都能通过检验,所以选择最简单的Norm-GARCH模型就可以;基于此,研究在Norm-GARCH模型下,用正态分布和Pearson Ⅳ分布计算CVaR,并与VaR进行比较,结果表明,用Pearson Ⅳ分布计算VaR和CVaR的失败率都远远小于由正态分布所得到的失败率,特别在VaR估计失效的交易日里,用Pearson Ⅳ分布得到的CVaR均值与实际损失均值非常接近.因此,Pearson Ⅳ分布能很好地刻画金融数据的特征,相对其他分布而言是一个很好的选择.     

沪市VaR估计误差及其实证

风险价值是一种概率估计,造成风险价值的预测有误差.利用不同分布条件下VaR估计的置信区间来度量风险价值的预测误差,能使风险价值的估计更精确.对沪市周、月收益率进行实证研究,得出月收益率比周收益率的波动性大,参数法有高估风险的迹象.     

基于GARCH-VaR的股指期货保证金模型

文章以收益率的正态性检验、集群性检验和平稳性检验为基础,用GARCH方法计算VaR,将VaR作为保证金比率,建立了基于GARCH-VaR的股指期货保证金模型,对沪深300指数进行了实证研究.研究表明沪深300指数的收益率不服从正态分布,其收益分布具有明显的厚尾特征和丛集效应;通过与EWMA和风险价格系数法进行对比,发现GARCH-VaR模型能更好地捕捉收益分布特征,得到的保证金水平能更好地覆盖风险.     

资产相关结构对投资组合风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础,用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES。结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险。     

资产相关结构对投资组台风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础.用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES.结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险.     

极端事件下尾部风险度量的比较分析

金融市场极端事件的接连发生使人们不得不试图对这些极端事件,即对尾部风险做出精确的判断和预测.本文采用广义Pareto方法,对风险价值(VaR),预期损失(ES)进行的估计,并引进Omega新风险指标计算其分布的尾部特性.将这些方法应用到上证指数的实证分析中进行比较研究.     

我国证券市场的风险度量

金融资产收益率序列具有典型的尖峰厚尾特征,影响着人们对极端事件的判断与预测,这种现象已引起越来越多学者的重视,而描述这种特性需以合适的概率分布函数为基础,因此,寻求更好的概率分布函数对风险度量具有十分重要的意义,文章将广义双曲线分布及其子类应用到中国证券市场,采用VaR、ES和Omega三个风险度量指标计算其尾部特征,得到了较好的拟合结果.     

Confidence Intervals for Conditional Tail Risk Measures in ARMA–GARCH Models

ABSTRACT

ARMA–GARCH models are widely used to model the conditional mean and conditional variance dynamics of returns on risky assets. Empirical results suggest heavy-tailed innovations with positive extreme value index for these models. Hence, one may use extreme value theory to estimate extreme quantiles of residuals. Using weak convergence of the weighted sequential tail empirical process of the residuals, we derive the limiting distribution of extreme conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) and conditional expected shortfall (CES) estimates for a wide range of extreme value index estimators. To construct confidence intervals, we propose to use self-normalization. This leads to improved coverage vis-à-vis the normal approximation, while delivering slightly wider confidence intervals. A data-driven choice of the number of upper order statistics in the estimation is suggested and shown to work well in simulations. An application to stock index returns documents the improvements of CVaR and CES forecasts.     

中国股指收益率的非对称拉普拉斯分布实证检验

应用非对称拉普拉斯分布拟合沪深两市股指日、周收益率数据。研究结果表明:非对称拉普拉斯分布能够比正态分布更好地反映两市股指的日、周收益率数据的尖峰、厚尾、偏态特征。由于非对称拉普拉斯分布有显性的表达式,便于开展参数估计和数字特征的计算,因此对于股指期货投资者而言,在计算股指收益率的VaR、CVaR进行风险测量时,采用非对称拉普拉斯分布将是较好的选择。     

Value-at-risk estimation by LS-SVR and FS-LS-SVR based on GAS model

ABSTRACT

Conditional risk measuring plays an important role in financial regulation and depends on volatility estimation. A new class of parameter models called Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS) model has been successfully applied for different error's densities and for different problems of time series prediction in particular for volatility modeling and VaR estimation. To improve the estimating accuracy of the GAS model, this study proposed a semi-parametric method, LS-SVR and FS-LS-SVR applied to the GAS model to estimate the conditional VaR. In particular, we fit the GAS(1,1) model to the return series using three different distributions. Then, LS-SVR and FS-LS-SVR approximate the GAS(1,1) model. An empirical research was performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. More precisely, the experimental results from four stock indexes returns suggest that using hybrid models, GAS-LS-SVR and GAS-FS-LS-SVR provides improved performances in the VaR estimation.     

CVaR-EVT和BMM在极端金融风险管理中的应用研究

随着风险度量一致性原则的提出,研究发现金融机构广泛采用的VaR模型存在严重不足,尤其针对分布具有厚尾特征的极端金融风险无法有效度量。本文采用极值理论（EVT）解决VaR方法的尾部度量不足问题,利用CVaR-EVT和BMM模型分析美国、香港股票市场和我国沪深两市指数18年的日收益数据,研究发现：（1）在95％置信区间及点估计中,分位数为99%的CVaR-EVT所揭示的极端风险优于VaR的估计值;且BMM方法为实施长期极端风险管理提供了有力决策依据,其回报率受分段时区的影响,期间越长,风险估计值越高;（2）模型采用ML和BS方法统计估值显示,我国股票市场极端风险尾部估计值高于香港和美国市场;但是,国内市场逐步稳定,并呈现出跟进国际市场且差距缩小的发展趋势。     

Forecasting Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall Using a Semiparametric Approach Based on the Asymmetric Laplace Distribution

Value at Risk (VaR) forecasts can be produced from conditional autoregressive VaR models, estimated using quantile regression. Quantile modeling avoids a distributional assumption, and allows the dynamics of the quantiles to differ for each probability level. However, by focusing on a quantile, these models provide no information regarding expected shortfall (ES), which is the expectation of the exceedances beyond the quantile. We introduce a method for predicting ES corresponding to VaR forecasts produced by quantile regression models. It is well known that quantile regression is equivalent to maximum likelihood based on an asymmetric Laplace (AL) density. We allow the density's scale to be time-varying, and show that it can be used to estimate conditional ES. This enables a joint model of conditional VaR and ES to be estimated by maximizing an AL log-likelihood. Although this estimation framework uses an AL density, it does not rely on an assumption for the returns distribution. We also use the AL log-likelihood for forecast evaluation, and show that it is strictly consistent for the joint evaluation of VaR and ES. Empirical illustration is provided using stock index data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

A quasi-Bayesian model averaging approach for conditional quantile models

The value at risk (VaR) is a risk measure that is widely used by financial institutions to allocate risk. VaR forecast estimation involves the evaluation of conditional quantiles based on the currently available information. Recent advances in VaR evaluation incorporate conditional variance into the quantile estimation, which yields the conditional autoregressive VaR (CAViaR) models. However, uncertainty with regard to model selection in CAViaR model estimators raises the issue of identifying the better quantile predictor via averaging. In this study, we propose a quasi-Bayesian model averaging method that generates combinations of conditional VaR estimators based on single CAViaR models. This approach provides us a basis for comparing single CAViaR models against averaged ones for their ability to forecast VaR. We illustrate this method using simulated and financial daily return data series. The results demonstrate significant findings with regard to the use of averaged conditional VaR estimates when forecasting quantile risk.     

Multivariate tail conditional expectation for scale mixtures of skew-normal distribution

In practice, a financial or actuarial data set may be a skewed or heavy-tailed and this motivates us to study a class of distribution functions in risk management theory that provide more information about these characteristics resulting in a more accurate risk analysis. In this paper, we consider a multivariate tail conditional expectation (MTCE) for multivariate scale mixtures of skew-normal (SMSN) distributions. This class of distributions contains skewed distributions and some members of this class can be used to analyse heavy-tailed data sets. We also provide a closed form for TCE in a univariate skew-normal distribution framework. Numerical examples are also provided for illustration.     

VaR估计中的概率分布设定风险与改进

 在金融风险管理中,金融风险的事先判断具有极其重要的意义,然而金融机构金融决策事前支持技术的缺陷常常被忽略,在金融投资收益率概率分布估计方法尚未建立以前,将样本数据特征纳入风险度量的计算则不失为一种改进风险判断的有效途径。本文选择度量金融风险的主流方法—VaR技术来讨论概率分布设定风险,探讨依据数据特征改进和扩展VaR计算方法,通过对Delta-正态方法与Delta-Gamma-Cornish-Fisher扩展方法估计VaR值的比较,从实证分析角度论证了扩展方法在VaR估计中的有效性与稳健性。     

基于EVT-POT-SV模型的极值风险度量

金融市场常受各种因素的影响造成剧烈波动,资产收益也会因此产生异常变化。针对金融资产收益的厚尾性、波动的异方差性等特征,采用基于Markov链的Monte Carlo模拟积分方法,对随机波动模型进行参数估计并取得标准残差序列,应用极值理论与随机波动模型相结合,建立了基于EVT-POT-SV的动态VaR模型。通过对上证综指收益做实证分析,结果表明：该模型能很好地刻画收益序列的波动性及尾部分布特征,在度量上证综指收益的风险方面更加合理而有效。