全面建设小康社会中的人口问题(上)

全面建设小康社会,必须充分考虑人口因素,考虑未来人口的变动发展趋势及存在的主要问题。未来20年面临的主要人口问题可概括为八个方面:控制人口数量增长,稳定低生育水平;制定科学的就业战略,妥善解决就业问题;加快人口城市化进程;建立一个既能满足老年人口需要,又同全面建设小康社会能力相适应的养老保障体系;谋求人口性别平衡;提高人口质量,科教兴国;增加西部人力资本积累;实现人口、资源、环境、经济和社会的可持续发展。     

全面建设小康社会中的人口问题(下)

全面建设小康社会,必须充分考虑伤口因素,考虑未来人口的变动发展趋势及存在的主要问题。未来20年面临的主要人口问题可概括为八个方面:控制人口数量增长,稳定低生育水平;制定科学的就业战略,妥善解决就业问题;加快人口城市化进程;建立一个既能满足老年人口需要,又同全面建设小康社会能力相适应的养老保障体系;谋求人口性别平衡;提高人口质量,科教兴国;增加西部人力资本积累;实现人口、资源、环境、经济和社会的可持续发展。     

流迁人口对广东省人口发展的替代效应

所谓替代迁移是指迁移人口对长期处于更替生育水平以下的人口,因人口自然减少而产生的替代效用。广东省不但是全国人口流动和迁移最活跃的省份,而且人口总和生育率已连续10年低于更替水平,进入低生育水平时期。本文实证分析广东省在无流动人口、保持峰值人口、维持峰值劳动年龄人口和潜在供养比最大值等条件下,流迁人口对总人口规模和结构的替代效应,认为适度替代流迁人口是解决长期维持低生育水平地区所产生的人口问题的有效途径。     

Some fundamental problems in population projection]

When family planning work in China developed, during the 1970's, the work of population projection also expanded. Population projections were done for China and its regions beginning in 1974 and remains a relatively new activity. Some question its validity, while others speculate about its methods and beleive only higher mathematics can be used, but this is all due to a lack of understanding of the nature of population forecasting. It is possible to predict population because if a current population situation and its changes are known, population of a particular future period can be projected e.g. for each year that is lived, a person will be 1 year older. And, population changes are primarily based on changes in births and deaths. These changes in turn are influenced by social and economic factors. Population projection is basically a forecasting of a certain period's total population, age and sex structure, the number of births and deaths, and migration. Different methods and formulas can be used to measure different population indicators, but all methods utilize comparisons. There are basically 2 methods for projecting total population: 1) the "direct method" regards total population as a quantity that itself changes and 2) the "separate factor method" breaks down total population into births, deaths, and migration. In the past, population projection has focused on the natural development of population which can be called "uncontrolled" because it makes "passive measurements" of possible population developments. In China, however, population projection is "controlled." Although it too measures future population developments, China's projections are not based on natural developments, but on definite population policies and estimates of results of family planning efforts.     

中国人口转变研究综述

20世纪后半叶,中国人口再生产类型的根本性转变对国家经济建设和社会发展产生了深远影响;对中国人口转变过程和目前所处阶段还有不同观点。从人口统计数据来看,中国已完成人口转变;从经济发展和现代化实现程度分析,人口转变还没有完成;有观点认为,中国人口转变不仅已经完成,而且进入后人口转变期。2l世纪,伴随人口转变过程的不断深化,中国人口转变问题将趋于多元化和复杂化,这既为中国人口发展提出挑战,也必将进一步丰富中国人口转变理论与实践。     

The role of population in social development]

This essay deals with population growth, varieties in population density, and their impacts on social development from the viewpoint of Socialism. The author's main argument can be summarized as follows: 1) population growth is a kind of social production, and it is more important than the geographical environment in relation to social development. Regarding population growth, varieties in population density, and the geographical environment as conditions of equal importance in social life is debatable. 2) the changes in population development should not be limited to the changes in number alone. As science and technology are developed, the impact of changes of population quality on social development is becoming increasingly important. 3) population growth is not the major force which determines the social outlook and social system, and it directly influences social productivity. One should not think that a large population and rapid growth rate will speed up social productivity, or that a small population and a slow growth rate will slow down the development of social productivity. The author quotes Joseph Stalin to support his argument.     

Modelling regional population growth in China

"This paper develops a forward demographic rates-based multiregional population model on the basis of a set of multiregional population accounts. Forward emigration rates and immigration flows are adopted to describe the external migrations. The model is used to make consistent multiregional population projections of China at a provincial level....Three sets of multiregional population projections of China at provincial level are made for the period 1987-2087. It is found that the national population trend is a combination of various regional population trends. Some regions, such as Zhejiang, will reach their population peak as early as the beginning of the next century while other regions, such as Xinjiang, will face continuous population growth in the first half of the next century."     

Change of population policy and the population situation in China]

A correct population policy is very crucial to the solution of the population problem, economic development, and social progress. The real situation in China now is a large population, a high rate of population growth, and low level of productivity. Facing this situation, China's population policy should include control of population growth in quantity, a promotion of population quality, and a match between population growth and social and economic development for the final realization of the Four Modernizations. In recent years, under the leadership of the National Committee on Family Planning, together with cooperation from various offices at the local level, a great change has taken place in China's population situation. The fertility rate has declined gradually, and late marriage, delayed births, and a reduced number of births have also become popular. A change in the age structure of the population has also slowed the pace of population growth. A reduction in the ratio of women of childbearing age is also helpful in the control of population growth, and the natural growth rate for the population has declined. This change shows that family planning is working in China and great results have been achieved. To come closer to the national goal of population control, practical work should be focused on rural areas. The rural population constitutes about 80% of total population and the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher than that of the cities. If population control can be achieved in the rural areas, the overall goal of population control for the country can then be achieved more easily.     

Demography in China: from zero to now

After 20 years of neglect the study of population and demography in China have come to be considered imperative. China has even accepted $50 million from the UN Fund for Population Activities to defray the cost of the 1982 census and help pay for action, training, and research programs. Institutions directed toward population studies have been established in many provinces during the 1970s. The principal types are population training and research institutes and offices within institutions of higher learning. In addition institutes outside the system of higher education and special units of population studies in various medical colleges were initiated. Between 1957-77 the large increase in population began to cause economic problems which were not admitted until the late 1970s. Since 1979 the country's efforts to lower the level of fertility have been organized in major policy statements calling for 1 child/couple and a rate of natural increase causing zero population growth by the year 2000. The Institute of Population Research was created in 1974 and it has provided population projections that have helped form population policy with a major focus on historical stages of growth in China as well as counteracting the lopsided population optimism which existed earlier. In 1978 a conference was held on the science of population theory which identified areas for study such as: 1) population and economics, 2) capitalist population theories, 3) population policies, 4) family planning and economics, and 5) population problems in foreign countries. The author describes some of the literature which was published after the 1978 conference and the reappearance of academic journals in 1979 as well as the 1979 conference. 1980 and 1981 studies dealt with such topics as debates on Malthusian theory, zero population growth, urban and rural populations, historical demography, housing, employment, health improvement of the population, minorities, and fertility determinants. Chinese scholars have also begun to cooperate with their foreign colleagues in a variety of studies. In order to illustrate the wide variety of directions which Chinese population studies are taking the author provides a bibliography of population studies from 1977-81.     

从人口结构演化解析中国人口政策的实际影响

随着中国人口结构中人口老龄化、出生性别比失衡等问题的出现,特别在人口自然增长率持续下降的背景下,社会上形成这样一种认识：推行了近三十年的人口政策是造成人口结构问题的根源,只要放开这一政策以上问题将会迎刃而解。对此,本文从经济学角度进行了剖析,认为人口政策虽然对出生性别比失衡负有不可推卸的责任、但并非主因,人口年龄结构老化更是与此关联不大。在中国人口数量依然严峻的形势下,通过提升经济发展水平促进社会进步才是解决问题的关键所在。     

21世纪中国人口问题透析

江泽民总书记在全国人口、资源、环境座谈会上提出应该重视和研究人口问题 ,面对 2 1世纪经济全球化、信息化等社会和自然科学的发展 ,结合其对人口科学和人口管理带来革命性的影响 ,本文分析了人口总量控制与低生育水平下的生育政策、劳动人口数量的增长与就业等八方面的问题 ,从一种不同的视角来看待 2 1世纪中国人口问题 ,提出了自身独到的见解。     

低生育水平下的甘肃人口特征

一个国家或地区如果在一定时期持续处于低生育水平,虽然对控制人口的绝对数量能起到很好的作用．但同时也会产生一系列的人口和社会问题,例如：对人口可持续发展的影响、对人口再生产的影响、对人口红利的影响、对人口老龄化的影响等．这些日益显露出来的问题．在某个领域某个阶段已经给社会经济发展造成了一些不利影响,伴随着生育水平的持续下降,可以预计将来还会出现新的社会问题。     

俄罗斯的人口老龄化

随着社会经济的发展和科技进步,人口老龄化已经成为现代社会的必然趋势,是世界各国普遍面临的重大社会问题。俄罗斯人口转变过程开始的时间较晚,但人口老龄化速度较快,地区差异大,而且城市和农村之间存在差别,老龄化形势严峻。制定合理的、符合本国国情的社会政策能够缓解人口老龄化问题。     

西部地区少数民族人口城市化变动分析--基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据

文章以西部少数民族人口为研究对象，依据2000年和2010年第五次和第六次人口普查资料，通过计算，对比，揭示西部大开发十年间西部少数民族人口城市化变动趋势。研究表明，西部少数民族人口城市化程度伴随着西部地区政治、经济、文化等发展变化，呈现出城市化率普遍提高；民族之间人口城市化差距缩小以及民族人口受教育程度普遍提升等变化趋势。     

Asia's population and development in retrospect and prospect

By 1989 Asia's population will reach 3 billion. That Asia's countries can change the course of population development has been shown by China, whose population growth rate has decreased to 1.2%. 58% of the world's population in 1985 was Asian, and 53% of it was concentrated in 11 Asian countries, of which 37.6% was accounted for by India and China. Asia's population density is 3 times the world average, and the number of persons sustained by a square kilometer of land in Asia is 2.5 times the world average. Asia's population is young (median age 20.3), which means a high dependency burden, a large number of women of childbearing age, and low quality of life, as measured by infant mortality, life expectancy, and literacy. Rapid population growth ensures a low rate of development. Asia's goals are to achieve a 1% growth rate by year 2000, zero population growth and replacement level by 2015 for East Asia and 2020 for South Asia. The World Bank estimates that Asia's population will not stabilize until the end of the 21st century, by which time it will have reached 6 billion. Asia must find a way of achieving both population control and economic development. 5 recommendations are made to the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD): 1) that the AFPPD sponsor the activities of "the Day of 3 billion"; 2) that seminars and conferences on population be held among Asian nations; 3) that high-fertility countries adopt late marriages, few births, and programs for maternal and child health; 4) that organizations for family planning be strengthened and given the resources to upgrade the status of women; and 5) that international cooperation in the area of population be intensified.     

北京市流动人口数量变动历史趋势分析

本文探讨了北京市流动人口规模变动的历史过程.研究结果表明北京市流动人口规模受到政府政策和城市经济形势的明显影响在政策鼓励和经济发展迅速时,流动人口规模就大而且增长迅速.反之,则其规模小而且迅速减少虽然政策对流动人口有着显著的影响作用,但其影响作用不是无限的;同时,流动人口的增长也必须有一个合理的限度,而不能盲目发展.由此决定了对"流动人口"进行管理的基本思路是既不能盲目限制和排斥,又不能任其发展,听之任之.     

Studying Marxist theory on population and initiating a new situation in demographic research]

Within Marxist ideology are important population theories that led to the establishment of demography and the work of population control in China. Marxist population theory should be studied in order to build a scientific system of concepts in population theory. Both Marx and Engels spoke of the relationship between human reproduction and material production, and of how the modes of social development determine population development. Marx also established the view that a normal population and surplus population both were mutually adaptable with a certain production basis. In any historical period, the total population is not determined subjectively by man's wishes, but is a product of historical development. The Maoist population theory is derived from Marxist theory. Borrowing from historical materialism, Mao said that of all the objects in the world, man is the most precious. Nevertheless, he continued, while China's large population is good, it brings many difficulties; thus, population must be controlled. The study of demography should follow Marxist and Maoist population theories, even though the study of Marixst population theory is relatively recent and much remains to be learned.     

中国城市流动人口影响因素的定量研究

利用公安部 1996年流动人口统计数据和国家统计局 1996年国民经济和社会发展统计数据 ,对中国城市流动人口的影响因素进行研究发现 :(1)城市流动人口规模与市区从业人口、市区个体劳动者人数、市区国内生产总值、市区工业总产值、市区利税总额、市区固定资产投资总额、市区社会消费品零售总额、市区实际利用外资金额和市区职工年平均工资相关显著 ;与市区人口、市区非农业人口、市区第二产业从业人员比重、市区第三产业从业人员比重、市区百元资金实现利税和市区客运总量相关不显著 ;与地区人口呈负相关。 (2 )流动人口超过 5 0万以上的城市 ,其流动人口规模与市区的社会经济因素回归效果较好 ,回归方程可以用于预测     

甘肃省民勤县人口外流影响效果研究

自上世纪50年代以来,甘肃省民勤县的人口外流始终保持着活跃之势。调查表明,最近10年间的各类外流人口估计超过6万人,"高考移民"成为本地移民文化的主要内容;人口外流的关键原因是水资源的短缺以及由此引起的生存环境恶化。人口外流的影响如何?本文利用民勤县人口外流专题调查、人口统计及人口抽样调查等资料进行综合分析,验证了人口外流对总人口自然变动的直接干预作用,揭示了人口外流对农村社区发展的复杂影响效果。     

人口对干旱区生态环境演变的作用机制与问题分析——以新疆为例

本文以中国最大的干旱区———新疆为例 ,分析了干旱区人口变动与生态环境退化之间的主要作用机制以及存在的主要矛盾。认为人口数量增长引起的资源环境压力 ,是导致干旱区环境退化的主要人为诱因 ,而人口的素质状况则决定了人口资源环境压力下最终的环境演化方向与后果。在各种矛盾中 ,人口的快速增长所导致的资源环境压力 ,是目前新疆人口与环境之间最大的矛盾 ,而不均匀的人口空间分布模式则加剧了这种资源环境压力 ,新疆较低的人口综合素质则决定了新疆长期以来在资源环境面前所采取的主要方式和最终环境后果 ,是以环境退化为主的表现模式。