Laws and Policies Governing Population and Family Planning

ＬａｗｓａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓＧｏｖｅｒｎｉｎｇＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｎｄＦａｍｉｌｙ　ＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＬａｗｓａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓＧｏｖｅｒｎｉｎｇＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＴｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇａｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅ...     

Origins and Destinations,but How Much and When? Educational Disparities in Smoking and Drinking Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Educational inequalities in health behaviors change dynamically across the life course. Yet, how parental and personal education interactively shape age-specific behavioral inequalities across the transition to adulthood has yet to be understood. Drawing on national Add Health data (N?=?12,605; 6,675 women and 5,930 men), we analyze age- and gender-specific trajectories of current smoking and binge drinking from adolescence to young adulthood. In line with previous work, we find that parental education associates with smoking and drinking disparities even after respondents’ own education is completed. Reciprocally, we also find that disparities by eventual educational attainment appear early. During the college years, higher parental education predicts higher—not lower—rates of binge drinking. We find that attaining higher education “against the odds” of an educationally disadvantaged family background circumscribes the lowest rates of smoking and drinking for men and women alike, and especially during the college years, while “falling from grace” by not attaining higher education at levels matching one’s parents predicts the highest levels of smoking and drinking for both genders during or after college. These results shed new light on the interactive socioeconomic processes that help to explain behavioral health gradients across adolescence and adulthood.

     

Do household structure and household economic resources predict childhood immunization? Evidence from Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago

This study assesses the influence of household structure and resource dilution characteristics on childrens immunization coverage in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. The study has three objectives: (1) to compare the impact of different types of household structures (e.g., single parent, two-parent, cohabiting and extended) on child immunization; (2) to examine the effects of household income and resource dilution on child immunization; and (3) to determine whether household structure and resource dilution interact to affect child immunization in these contexts.We use data from the Jamaica 1996 and Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Living Standards Measurement Study Survey and a series of logistic regression models to test hypotheses derived from the current child well-being literature. The results show that household income and household structures selectively predict childrens immunization coverage in both contexts, with significant interaction effects enhancing the interpretation for Jamaica. The key policy implications that emerge from this study are that household structure and income are crucial for understanding child immunization in the Caribbean.     

China Population and Development

(Continued from Page 17, Vol. 21, No. 4-5)V. Adolescent Sexual and ReproductiveHealth1. Status and ProgressThe Cairo International Conference on Population andDevelopment (ICPD) paid great attention to the sexualand reproductive health of adolescents. One of the toppriorities of the ICPD Programme of Action is to provideadolescents with necessary sexual and reproductivehealth information and services, ensure their right toreproductive health education and services, and helpthem devel…     

China Population and Development

ForewordThe International Conference on Population andDevelopment (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994 marked thebeginning of a new era in the field of population anddevelopment. The Programme of Action, endorsed atthe Conference by 179 countries, placed “overalldevelopment of human beings” at the center ofsustainable development. Efforts to achieve the goal ofhuman development have to integrate human needs andaspirations with population dynamics, economicdevelopment, protection of natural reso…     

Population and Economic Development

ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｂｙｆａｒｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｙｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｏｎＥａｒｔｈｏｖｅｒ１．１８５ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｏｒｏｎｅ－ｆｉｆｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｗｏ...     

A “Different Economy of Bodies and Pleasures”?: Differentiating and Evaluating Sex and Sexual BDSM Experiences

ABSTRACT

This study examines how BDSM participants understand sexual experiences. Data are drawn from 32 in-depth, semistructured interviews and discussion-board threads from a large BDSM community Web site. The analysis suggests that many BDSM participants perceive sexual BDSM experiences as not only significantly different from but also better than mainstream or “vanilla” sex. Three primary differentiation mechanisms are identified. First, BDSM participants constructed sex as requiring genital contact, while framing sexual BDSM as creating sexual fulfillment not requiring normative indicators of sexual experiences (e.g., orgasm). Second, participants constructed sexual BDSM as centered on emotional and mental experiences, while perceiving sex as being centered on physical experiences. Third, participants perceived sexual BDSM experiences as facilitating deeper interpersonal connections than those available in sex. Importantly, these mechanisms serve not only a differentiating but also an evaluative function. Most participants in this study reported a strong preference for sexual BDSM over sex.     

Announcement and Call for Papers International Symposium on Population and Sustainable Development

ＡｎｎｏｕｎｃｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣａｌｌｆｏｒＰａｐｅｒｓＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｙｍｐｏｓｉｕｍｏｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ￥／／（Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ２７－２９，１９９５，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＣｈｉｎａ）Ｔ...     

Up and on or down and out? Gender, immigration and the consequences of temporary employment in Canada

What happens to temporary workers when their jobs end? Is temporary employment a fleeting way station to a better job, or does it herald an ongoing cycle of precariousness? What are the implications of temporary employment dynamics for broader patterns of inequality in labour markets? European researchers have focused increasing attention on these issues in the context of concern about the relationship between inequality and insecurity in labour markets with strong regulatory protections for insiders. However, research on the outcomes of temporary employment in the less regulated labour markets of North America remains limited. This paper draws on rich representative panel data from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) and competing risks Cox regression to assess the outcomes and dynamics of temporary employment in this understudied context. Key contributions include more precise estimates of transitions, consideration of multiple theoretically relevant outcomes (permanent jobs; new temporary jobs; and periods of unemployment and labour force withdrawal), and situation of the effect of gender and immigration status on temporary employment transitions in the context of the dynamics of permanent jobs. Findings present a more pessimistic picture of overall temporary job outcomes than prior research but suggest that the dynamics of temporary work do not magnify inequalities of gender and immigration status.     

Childbearing Postponement and Child Well-being: A Complex and Varied Relationship?

Over the past several decades, U.S. fertility has followed a trend toward the postponement of motherhood. The socioeconomic causes and consequences of this trend have been the focus of attention in the demographic literature. Given the socioeconomic advantages of those who postpone having children, some authors have argued that the disadvantage experienced by certain groups would be reduced if they postponed their births. The weathering hypothesis literature, by integrating a biosocial perspective, complicates this argument and posits that the costs and benefits of postponement may vary systematically across population subgroups. In particular, the literature on the weathering hypothesis argues that, as a consequence of their unique experiences of racism and disadvantage, African American women may experience a more rapid deterioration of their health which could offset or eventually reverse any socioeconomic benefit of postponement. But because very few African American women postpone motherhood, efforts to find compelling evidence to support the arguments of this perspective rely on a strategy of comparison that is problematic because a potentially selected group of older black mothers are used to represent the costs of postponement. This might explain why the weathering hypothesis has played a rather limited role in the way demographers conceptualize postponement and its consequences for well-being. In order to explore the potential utility of this perspective, we turn our attention to the UK context. Because first-birth fertility schedules are similar for black and white women, we can observe (rather than assume) whether the meaning and consequences of postponement vary across these population subgroups. The results, obtained using linked UK census and birth record data, reveal evidence consistent with the weathering hypothesis in the United Kingdom and lend support to the arguments that the demographic literature would benefit from integrating insights from this biosocial perspective.     

Share experiences in population and family development and enhan cooperation between China and ASEAN countries——Summary of speeches at China-ASEAN Forum on Population and Family Development

China-ASEAN Forum on Population and Family Development was divided into three sessions.Each session had a keynote speech,followed by introdution of two case studies and expert comments.Afterwards,there were questions and answers and free discussion. Comprehensively Addressing Population Issues and Achieving Sustainable Development This session mainly discussed issues on population and sustainable development in China and ASEAN countries.Population issues not only concem the number of population but also every aspect of social development.     

The Aging Situation in Asian and the Pacific Region and Sub-regional Differences in the Percentage of Population Aged 60 and Over

ＴｈｅＡｇｉｎｇＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｓｉａｎａｎｄｔｈｅＰａｃｉｆｉｃＲｅｇｉｏｎａｎｄＳｕｂ－ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＰｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｄ６０ａｎｄＯｖｅｒＴｈｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｅ...     

Reform of the Evaluation Indicator System and Reproductive Health and Family Planning Services

Evaluation indicators, used for assessing work in a specific time period, play a guiding role in every area and are vital for making work plans. GDP, an important economic indicator, is often used to measure the strength of a country. It is also an indicator used in China to evaluate the performance of local governments. This practice has proven to be effective in stimulating economic growth within a certain time period. However, the consequences of focusing only on economic indicators are b…     

Age Structure and Dependency Ratio

ＡｇｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＤｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｙＲａｔｉｏＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄａｐｒｏｃｅｓｆｒｏｍａｈｉｇｈｂｉｒｔｈｒａｔｅａｎｄｈｉｇｈｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｒａｔｅｔｏａｌｏｗｂｉｒｔｈｒａｔｅａｎｄｌ...     

Consumption Characteristics and Prospects of

ＣｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｈａｓｅｎｔｅｒｅｄａｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｒａｐｉｄ，ｓｕｓｔａｉｎｅｄａｎｄｈｅａｌｔｈｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｈｏｗｓｔｈ...     

Population Distribution and Internal Migration

ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｎｔｅｒｎａｌＭｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＤＥＮＳＩＴＹ（ＰＥＲＳＯＮＳ／ＫＭ２ＣＨＩＮＡ１９９０）Ｃｈｉｎａａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓｆｏｒｏｎｌｙ７％ｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ＇ｓｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄａ...     

Information,Education and Communication

Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ（ＩＥＣ）ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｐｌａｙｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉ...     

Cultures of Aspiration and Poverty? Aspirational Inequalities in Northeast and Southern Thailand

The paper provides micro-level evidence of rising inequality in Thailand, using data from an intensive study of seven communities in Northeast and Southern Thailand. This inequality affects participants’ material and subjective wellbeing, their aspirations, and the extent to which they feel these are realised. The paper argues that adaptation, expressed as reduced aspirations, could explain why the effect of material poverty on people’s satisfaction with their lives is small. The reduction in attainment of aspirations linked to socio-economic status suggests that a small, but constant group of people are being excluded from a shift in the societal consensus over what constitutes a good life.     

Natural Resources and the Environment

ＮａｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＣｈｉｎａｒａｎｋｓａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｏｐｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＩｔｈｏｌｄｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔ，ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｎｄｔｈ...     

Population Aging and Social Security

ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｇｉｎｇａｎｄＳｏｃｉａｌＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ．Ｉｎ１９９０，ｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｇｅｄ６０ｙｅａｒｓａｎｄｏｌｄｅｒａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ...