社会保障ABC(二):社会保障制度的起源和发展

社会保障制度是伴随着社会经济的发展而逐步形成和发展起来的,它的产生是社会进步和文明的重要标志。从几千年前的社会成员之间的互助互济发展到今天的社会化保障,社会保障制度大体上经历了萌芽、产生、发展和改革四个阶段。回顾社会保障制度产生和发展的历史,可以帮助我们更深入地了解它的内涵。 一、社会保障制度的起源和发展 人类社会自古就有关于社会保障的思想观念和行为制度的萌芽。早在公元前6世纪前后,古代中国儒家学者就提     

对社会保障私有化认识存在的几个误区

20世纪80年代,智利对养老金制度实行了个人缴费、个人所有、完全积累、私人机构运营的改革,掀起了全球范围的社会保障改革浪潮,同时也引发了对社会保障私有化的讨论。文章认为,在改革过程中,对私有化还存在一些不正确的认识,主要表现为:(1)认为现收现付制度已经破产;(2)认为基金积累制下的缴费率要低于现收现付制;(3)认为基金积累比现收现付更能提高国民储蓄、促进经济增长;(4)认为基金积累比现收现付收益高、风险低;(5)认为基金积累制比现收现付制度更公平。     

家庭养老在不同文化背景下的地位及前途

社会化养老制度之所以最先在欧洲产生是有其深刻的历史传统和文化背景的,社会化养老是欧洲文化的必然结果。而以中国为代表的东方社会则有尊老养老的传统美德。在分别对东西方不同文化背景下家庭养老的地位进行分析的基础上,可以看出家庭养老并不一定就是一种落后的养老制度,社会化养老也不是各国唯一的选择。构建我国未来的社会保障制度一定要注意发挥家庭养老的积极功能。     

苏州残疾人社会保障状况和发展研究

从现代“社会增权型”残疾人社会保障的观点来看。苏州市残疾人社会保障制度仍然受到了传统“生活补救型”残疾人保障观的束缚，应该探索适应社会主义市场经济体制的残疾人保障新模式，以增进残疾人的市场行为能力，使其融入社会生活，同时重建苏州市残疾人社会保障制度。     

关于建立健全老年社会保障制度的思考

社会保障是国家履行的保障公民最低经济生活的一种社会责任,也是社会进行自我调节,以实现社会稳定的一种功能。老年社会保障则是其中的主要部分。本文拟以北京市为例,就改革现行的养老制度,建立健全新的老年社会保障制度,谈几点认识。     

社会保障制度的效率问题

产生于十九世纪末的现代社会保障制度,最初是以维护社会公平为其主要原则的,对效率有所忽视,正是这最初的制度设计的不足,使得社会保障制度在其一百多年的发展变化中始终受到效率问题的困扰,多次陷入危机之中,而这正是威胁社会保障制度生存和发展的重要因素之一。因此,阐...     

市场经济条件下,建立完善我国社会保障体系的思考

<正> 党的十四大明确指出,我国经济体制的改革目标模式是建立社会主义市场经济体制,以利于进一步解放和发展生产力.建立社会主义市场经济体制,必须认真抓好几个相互联系的重要环节,深化分配制度和社会保障制度改革、建立和完善社会保障体系,是其中一个极其重要的环节。它不仅关系到产业结构的调整、企业运行机制的转换,而且还关系到社会的稳定和市场经济的有序运行。本文拟就我国社会保障制度目前存在的问题和构建新的社会保障体系提出一些看法。1.社会保障立法、管理体系不完善,缺乏     

建立社会保障法律制度的思考

社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善是一项巨大宏伟的系统工程，客观上要求构筑一系列与之相适应的制度体系，而建立多层次的社会保障法律制度体系又是该体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分。我国当前的社会保障立法尚处于初级发展阶段，加强该问题的研究，对更好地指导立法具有重要意义。一、社会保障法律制度的功能在社会主义市场经济条件下，社会保障法律制度具有以下功能：（－）社会保障法律制度有利于克服市场经济的竞争性和风险性带来的弊端。市场经济是作为通过市场机制实现社会资源分配的主要方式，其明显特征之一在于其竞争性，并且其竞…     

甘肃省农民工社会保障问题研究

基于甘肃省兰州市的调研数据,从农民工对社会保障制度的态度、参加社会保险和接受社会援助情况等方面分析了甘肃省农民工的社会保障问题。发现农民工在失业保险和生育保险方面存在短板,农民工并未纳入城市救助体系,政府在调动社会组织参与社会保障制度建设方面不足。从城乡二元户籍制度、社会保障法律制度、农民工自身素质和社会福利多元参与等方面探讨了甘肃省农民工社会保障问题存在的原因,并提出了相应对策建议。     

和谐社会建设需要构建合理的社会保障制度

本文采用文献研究的方法,并基于社会保障制度的社会功能理论,从社会保障制度体系、发展道路、水平指标以及基本目标等方面,论述我国和谐社会建设需要建立一种合理的社会保障制度,这种社会保障制度的体系应该是内容、结构与层次体系的相互协调,发展道路必须注意统一与差别的相互结合,水平指标应该是一种综合性的指标体系,基本目标应该是政治、经济、社会与道德目标的协调一致。     

Social Capital in Old-Age and the Role of the Social Marginalisation

Social Indicators Research - In India, despite heavy constitutional protection, due to caste-based discrimination, millions of residents are still struggling to access their basic rights such as...     

社会转型与健全中国农村社会保障制度研究

当前中国正处于深刻的社会转型之中 ,适应社会转型我们提出了在本世纪头 2 0年建设惠及十几亿人口的小康社会宏伟目标 ,而实现这一目标的重点和难点就在农村。现阶段制约中国农村全面建设小康社会的因素就是各地农村经济社会发展呈现出明显的差异性和不平衡性以及由此产生的社会保障相对滞后。为此 ,必须要大力加强农村社会保障制度的建立与完善 ,为全面建设小康社会保驾护航。     

Genetic Bio-Ancestry and Social Construction of Racial Classification in Social Surveys in the Contemporary United States

Self-reported race is generally considered the basis for racial classification in social surveys, including the U.S. census. Drawing on recent advances in human molecular genetics and social science perspectives of socially constructed race, our study takes into account both genetic bio-ancestry and social context in understanding racial classification. This article accomplishes two objectives. First, our research establishes geographic genetic bio-ancestry as a component of racial classification. Second, it shows how social forces trump biology in racial classification and/or how social context interacts with bio-ancestry in shaping racial classification. The findings were replicated in two racially and ethnically diverse data sets: the College Roommate Study (N = 2,065) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 2,281).     

社会和谐与农民工社会保障问题

为农民工提供可靠的社会保障,才能不断促进农村剩余劳动力向城市转移,才能带来我国生产力的持续发展和社会的稳定和谐;隐藏在农民工社会保障问题背后的根源,有六大矛盾;建议采取建立农村劳务输出公司等措施,来解决这些矛盾。     

Coupling Social Solidarity and Social Harmony in Hong Kong

The various forms of social solidarity are empirically uncharted, especially in relation to social harmony. With respect to resource exchange theory, inclusive solidarity or intergroup acceptance is more conducive to social harmony than mechanical, organic, distributive, and dialogic forms of solidarity. The theoretical prediction holds in the present study that surveyed 1,093 Hong Kong Chinese. Importantly, one??s experience of inclusive solidarity tended to contribute to one??s practice of social harmony and experience of societal social harmony. Moreover, results show that experiences of organic, distributive, and dialogic solidarity also appeared to induce the practice of social harmony. In contrast, mechanical solidarity did not seem to be helpful for sustaining social harmony. Different forms of solidarity thereby exhibit differential impacts on social harmony.     

On the Use of Social Clocks for the Monitoring of Multidimensional Social Development

This article describes a new methodology for monitoring multidimensional social development using social clocks: comparisons with so called reference trajectories make it possible to establish the development stage of a country along a number of independent time axes, thus affording new opportunities for analyzing leads, lags, and asynchronies between variables and countries. This article explores these new possibilities and discusses some of the difficulties in the use of social clocks. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the new concepts, the article presents an application of the methodology by analyzing the socio-economic development of ten Eastern European countries in the period before they joined the European Union.     

Developing a Model for the Measurement of Social Inclusion and Social Capital in Regional Australia

This paper reviews the literature on social inclusion and social capital to develop a framework to guide the selection of items and measures for the forthcoming SA Department of Human Services Survey of Social Inclusion to be held in the region of Northern Adelaide in South Australia. Northern Adelaide is a region with areas of high socio-economic disadvantage, characterized by high unemployment and poverty. Survey respondents’ perceptions of social inclusion and social capital in Northern Adelaide will be examined by developing indices, which address the theoretical schema discussed in this paper. Epistemological differences between seminal theorists on social inclusion and social capital suggest the development of a broad suite of indices is required to enable the collection of data of interest to researchers from differing theoretical perspectives. Data collected in the survey will be mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies against locations within Northern Adelaide and in relation to existing Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth and State Government databases on age, gender, relative socio-economic disadvantage and other variables.     

Social Capital and Health in China: Evidence from the Chinese General Social Survey 2010

Social Indicators Research - Empirical evidence regarding the relationship between social capital and health in China is relatively limited. This study aims to examine the impact of different types...     

Social Indicators and Living Conditions in the Netherlands

The Dutch Social en Cultural Planning Office(SCP) monitors social changes and socialservices, evaluates social policies, givesinformation about expected developments in thefuture and gives recommendations for furtherpolicy. Key issues are the assessment ofeconomic, demographic and social changes andthe influence of these factors on the socialand living conditions of the population. TheSCP uses social and economic indicators toexamine these developments. Besidesresearching specific themes (such as socialexclusion, the consequences of long-termunemployment, the social position of theelderly and use, costs and productivity ofsocial services) the SCP has developed anoverall monitoring tool for the livingconditions: the living conditions index (LCI).Nowadays the index is composed of indicatorswhich reflect conditions in eight areas:housing, health, consumer durables, leisureactivity, sport activity, socialparticipation, mobility and holiday. In thefuture, the SCP will attempt to develop aconceptual model that will link the livingconditions index to other social indices likelivability (housing and level of services),poverty and socioeconomic deprivation.