促进我国流动人口基本公共卫生服务均等化的筹资机制研究

从筹资的角度分析制约我国地方政府向流动人口均等化供给基本公共卫生服务的原因，总结国外流动人口基本公共卫生服务筹资的经验，提出筹资机制改革建议。研究结果表明：我国现行的以常住人口为基数核定和安排基本公共卫生服务筹资责任的政策安排，给地方政府回避流动人口基本公共卫生服务的供给责任提供了制度空间，导致了流动人口公共卫生服务筹资“两头落空”的现象，影响了服务供给的均等化水平。我国须进一步强化中央政府的投入责任，保证流动人口基本公共卫生服务筹资的总体充足性，同时完善转移支付制度，增加对人口流入地的基本公共卫生服务经费补助金额，从而填补短期流动人口筹资政策的空白。     

解放思想 大胆探索 推动流动人口服务管理体制机制创新

流动人口服务管理是统筹解决人口问题实践中需要着力解决的重大课题，必须大力推进流动人口服务管理体制机制创新。为加强对服务管理机制创新的经验总结和理性思考，本期开始，“本刊关注”栏目将围绕不同创新模式，介绍各地的探索与思考。本期特刊发了王培安副主任关于推动流动人口服务管理体制机制创新的重要文章，观点新颖，思路开阔。同时集中编发了5篇相关文章和访谈，它们从不同视角、不同层面阐述了做好流动人口计划生育服务管理工作的各自特色经验，提出了进一步加强和改进的意见建议。希望借此推动各地进一步解放思想，大胆探索，开创流动人口服务管理新局面。     

文本桂林市叠彩区创新服务管理体制 推进流动人口公共服务均等化

为了进一步推动流动人口计生服务管理工作的创新发展，2011年以来，广西桂林市叠彩区大力创新流动人口服务管理体制，采取多项措施，扎实推进辖区流动人口计生基本服务均等化管理模式。宣传教育服务均等化。全区各乡办计生部门在流动人口相对集中的建筑工地、车站等场所，设置了免费发放宣传品点，通过建立公交宣传站台、精品宣传长廊、人口文化景苑以及举办婚育知识讲座等方式，     

统筹构建流动人口计生服务新格局

近年来，辽宁省沈河区实施流动人口服务“机制化保障、网格化管理、市民化服务”的创建工程，打造系列服务品牌，有力地推动了流动人口计生工作深入发展，并取得了显著的成绩。     

“四轮驱动”助推流动人口计生工作上水平

辽宁省抚顺市新抚区人口计生局以贯彻落实《流动人口计划生育工作条例》为契机，以建立“统筹管理、服务均等、信息共享、区域协作、双向考核”工作机制为核心，创新流动人口服务管理体制，推进流动人口计生基本公共服务均等化，提升全区流动人口计生服务管理的整体水平。     

抓管理 搞服务

抓管理搞服务张全胜河北省冀州市计生委积极强化流动人口的计划生育管理工作，自１９９３年１０月成立流动人口计划生育管理办公室以来，他们对流动人口实行分类管理，以服务促效益，使流动人口的计划生育工作取得了明显成效。他们的主要做法是：１．宣传开路，认真摸清流...     

创新管理 强化服务 构建流动人口计生工作新机制

吉林省松原市宁江区以创建流动人口计生服务管理示范区为载体,坚持＂抓管理,规范流动人口计划生育工作制度;抓服务,维护流动人口计划生育合法权益;抓关爱,构筑流动人口和谐温馨家园;抓协调,落实流动人口计划生育工作综合治理”的工作思路，落实“属地化管理、市民化服务”，做到服务和管理并重、维权与关爱并行，真正使流入人口“走进宁江门，就是宁江人”。     

流动人口计划生育“三同三自”服务管理模式探索

流动人口计划生育“三同三自”服务管理模式，即通过建立流动人口计划生育协会这一群众“自治组织”，以“借力”的方式吸纳流动人口中的积极分子担任协会会员，实现流动人口的“自我宣传、自我服务、自我管理”，最终实现流动人口与户籍人口“同宣传、同服务、同管理”的目的。通过“三同”与“三自”联动的工作模式，以“三同”促进“三自”，借助“三自”实现“三同”，最终形成“政府主导、社区支持、群众自治”的流动人口服务管理工作新格局。     

天津大港区创新矿区流动人口计生服务管理模式

天津市大港油田第三矿区管理服务公司针对矿区流动人口居住分散、早出晚归、频繁流动、生育行为隐蔽、人员复杂、不易管理等特点，从组织机构、责任落实、细节管理、宣教先行、寓管理于服务之中等方面人手，将流动人口计划生育服务管理工作纳入矿区服务管理体系，积极探索矿区“以服务促管理”的流动人口计划生育服务管理新途径，收到了较好的效果。     

加强协作管理 维护合法权益

甘肃省高台县从加强流动人口服务和管理目标人手，贯彻落实“十七大”精神。按照甘肃省“流动人口计划生育工作年”活动要求，着力把做好流动人口计划生育工作，促进人口与经济社会协调发展，作为对科学发展观的最生动诠释。同时，认真贯彻落实中央《决定》和《甘肃省人民政府关于加强流动人口计划生育工作的通知》精神，打破流动人口静态管理服务模式，突出源头互动、落实属地管理、以夯实基础为重点，优化服务；以维护合法权益为重点，加强区域协作、突破信息对接难点，创新方法，强化措施，全县流动人口计划生育管理服务工作步入“全国一盘棋”的快车道。     

Unmet needs for developmental disabilities services

Data collected from a representative sample of persons who are developmentally disabled living in three counties in Florida in 1989 were analyzed to determine the number of services these persons receive, the extent to which they do not receive services they need, the reasons these services are not received, and the factors which are related to satisfaction with services. A battery of 90 services which can be grouped into 8 general categories was used, and the data were collected in face-to-face interviews with 312 persons.     

Impact of Individual and Organizational Variables on Quality of Life

The general goal of this study consists of analyzing the influence of different types of human services in the quality of life of their nested users. Several multilevel models were proposed to test for significant differences not only in the overall quality of life score, but also in each of the eight core domains. Participants included 11,624 users of social and human services and the assessment quality of life instrument was the GENCAT Scale. Variables that were studied in the different models were gender, age, and diagnostic group (elderly, intellectual disability, physical disability, mental health problems, and chemical dependency) at the individual user level (level 1: individual), while type of services—in terms of the main population addressed by their supports (i.e. the aforementioned groups)—was studied at service level (level 2: organizational). In order to explain differences, individual characteristics were introduced first, types of services were introduced next, and finally joint individual and service variables were introduced in a single model. The main results of this study were that personal and organizational variables exhibited a different level of influence on users’ quality of life; and also that the type of services significantly influenced the quality of life of its users. The results of this study lead to practical implications for services providing support to these diagnostic groups, especially for those interested in managing, assessing, and improving quality of life related personal outcomes at the user level as well as quality enhancement at the organizational level.     

城乡差异、就医惯性与老年人卫生服务利用

现有对城乡老年人卫生服务利用不公平的研究多忽略了长期的城乡差异所导致的隐性的农村老年人就医惯性的存在。本研究在控制了收入、医疗保障和就医可及性等因素的条件下，发现就医惯性的存在；并运用集中指数分解法发现，卫生服务的利用存在不公平，偏向于富人，而就医惯性在两种卫生服务利用中的贡献度分别为12%和5%。这种城乡固定差异造成了农村老年人在身体健康、心理健康和自我照料能力上都显著地低于城市老年人。     

The spread of health services and fertility Transition

We use detailed measures of social change over time, increased availability of various health services, and couples' fertility behaviors to document the independent effects of health services on fertility limitation. Our investigation focuses on a setting in rural Nepal that experienced a transition from virtually no use of birth control in 1945 to the widespread use of birth control by 1995 to limit fertility. Changes in the availability of many different dimensions of health services provide the means to evaluate their independent influences on contraceptive use to limit childbearing. Findings show that family planning as well as maternal and child health services have independent effects on the rate of ending childbearing. For example, the provision of child immunization services increases the rate of contraceptive use to limit fertility independently of family planning services. Additionally, new Geographic Information System (GIS)-based measures also allow us to test many alternative models of the spatial distribution of services. These tests reveal that complex, geographically defined measures of all health service providers outperform more simple measures. These results provide new information about the consequences of maternal and child health services and the importance of these services in shaping fertility transitions.     

The new point in population theory: some questions in the current demographic textbooks]

The current population theory in China emphasize that human reproduction must keep pace with the production of goods and services. The author of this paper challenges this theory and believes that the relationship between these two kinds of production, human reproduction should take the principal place. Production of goods and services must first meet the needs of people. Keeping population growth in pace with production of goods and services is of secondary importance. The demographic transition from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality in developed country was not caused by poverty, hunger, and surplus of the labor force, and it was not the end result of forcing population growth to stay in pace with material production. Increasing productivity to provide abundant goods depend on improving the quality of the population. When the purpose of consumption is not only for survival, demands for material goods and leisure will take precedence over demands for children. An-emphasis on keeping population reproduction in pace with the production of goods and services tends to ignore the importance of increasing productivity which is the key to the improvement of living standards.     

Battered gay men: an exploration of abuse, help seeking, and why they stay

In comparison to a large body of literature about battered heterosexual women and a growing body about battered lesbians, this is one of the first published studies that investigates the experiences of battered gay and bisexual men. Results indicated that these men suffered patterns, forms, and frequencies of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse similar to what has been documented by research on battered heterosexual and lesbian women. Likewise, the most commonly reported reasons for staying--namely, hope for change and love for partner--appear to be universal to the experience of being battered. Unlike battered heterosexual women, respondents in this study were not likely to report that being financially trapped was a major reason why they had remained. HIV-status, however, appears to significantly influence their decision to remain. Moreover, lack of knowledge about domestic violence and the lack of availability of appropriate resources play a significant role in same-gender domestic violence victims' decisions to remain. Like battered lesbians, battered gay men infrequently sought assistance from battered women's services and perceived these services as not helpful. By contrast, individual counselors and agencies who provided individual counselors were rated as quite helpful.     

The Role of Contraceptive Supply and Demand in Mexican Fertility Decline: Evidence from a Microdemographic Study

This paper uses retrospective life history data to assess the impact of family planning services on contraceptive use in a rural Mexican township. Between 1960 and 1990 contraceptive use rose and fertility declined dramatically. Both contraceptive supply and demand factors were influential in these trends. The start of the government-sponsored family planning programme in the late 1970s was associated with a sharp rise in female sterilization and use of the IUD. However, once we controlled for the changing socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the sample, the presence of family planning services had no significant effect on the likelihood that women used modern reversible methods compared to traditional methods. Men and women expressed concerns about the safety of modern methods such as the pill and the IUD. Efforts to increase modern contraceptive use should place greater emphasis on communicating the safety of these methods and improving the quality of services.     

The next forty years in public health

In this article an attempt is made to assess the major health problems of the second half of the twentieth century in developed countries, the methods appropriate to these problems, and the pattern of medical services necessary to deal with them. From an examination of mortality and morbidity trends it is suggested that the most important problems are likely to be the mortality, malformation and disability established before birth, mental illness, and the disease and disability associated with ageing. Reasons are given for doubting whether control of breeding, the method which has contributed greatly to the improvement of plants and other animals, can be expected to be effective in the case of man, and hence reliance must continue to be placed on modifications of the environment to which achievement hitherto has been entirely due. The methods likely to be significant are: an extension of measures already in use for control ofthe physical environment; discovery and application of knowledge concerning the social environment; and elaboration of more effective methods of preventing and treating disease in the individual. Profound changes will be needed in the pattern of services through which medical knowledge is applied, the most important being unification ofthe major classes ofhospitals - acute, mental and chronic; association ofthe preventive personal health services with curative services (rather than with environmental services); and the strengthening of domiciliary medical care, particularly through a new and more intimate relationship between general practitioner and hospital services.     

The role of contraceptive supply and demand in Mexican fertility decline: evidence from a microdemographic study

This paper uses retrospective life history data to assess the impact of family planning services on contraceptive use in a rural Mexican township. Between 1960 and 1990 contraceptive use rose and fertility declined dramatically. Both contraceptive supply and demand factors were influential in these trends. The start of the government-sponsored family planning programme in the late 1970s was associated with a sharp rise in female sterilization and use of the IUD. However, once we controlled for the changing socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the sample, the presence of family planning services had no significant effect on the likelihood that women used modern reversible methods compared to traditional methods. Men and women expressed concerns about the safety of modern methods such as the pill and the IUD. Efforts to increase modern contraceptive use should place greater emphasis on communicating the safety of these methods and improving the quality of services.     

Understanding and Measuring LGBTQ Pathways to Health: A Scoping Review of Strengths-Based Health Promotion Approaches in LGBTQ Health Research

Health research traditionally has focused on the health risks and deficits of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) populations, obscuring the determinants that can promote health across the life course. Recognizing, appropriately measuring, and rendering visible these determinants of health is paramount to informing appropriate and engaging health policies, services, and systems for LGBTQ populations. The overarching purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the findings of a scoping review aimed at exploring strengths-based health promotion approaches to understanding and measuring LGBTQ health. Specifically, this scoping review examined peer-reviewed, published academic literature to determine (a) existing methodological frameworks for studying LGBTQ health from a strengths-based health promotion approach, and (b) suggestions for future methodological approaches for studying LGBTQ health from a strengths-based health promotion approach. The findings of this scoping review will be used to inform the development of a study aimed at assessing the health of and improving pathways to health services among LGBTQ populations in Nova Scotia, Canada.