养老金性别差异影响因素分析——以上海城镇“老人”为例

为了了解养老金性别差异的影响因素及各因素的影响程度，通过对2003年上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查原始数据的多元线性回归分析，本研究发现：．女性城镇“老人”在受教育年限、退休年龄和退休前职业等方面较男性城镇“老人”均处于劣势：不同特征女性城镇“老人”养老金整体上低于男性城镇“老人”：退休年龄和受教育年限对养老金的性别差异有较强的解释力；退休年份越晚，养老金的性别差异由退休年龄和受教育年限解释的比重越高。     

提前退休模式与行为及其影响因素——基于中国综合社会调查数据的分析

文章基于2008年中国综合社会调查数据,对城镇人口提前退休模式与行为及其影响因素进行了分析。主要结论是:(1)提前退休模式与行为存在显著的性别差异,女性比男性距离法定退休年龄更近时退休,表现出较为明显的集聚特征,法定退休年龄对女性退休模式与行为的影响更大;(2)随着中国家庭子女数量的减少,劳动力市场灵活性的逐步增强,人们劳动参与意愿和可能性都会显著提升,提前退休的可能性越来越小,而且不断提高的受教育程度也会使女性提前退休的可能性减小;(3)中国的社会保障制度对男性提前退休有显著影响,对女性则不显著。与养老保险制度相比,医疗保险与失业保险制度对男性提前退休的影响更大,基本医疗保险制度的完善会增加提前退休的可能性,失业保险制度的完善更有可能增强男性的工作意愿,降低提前退休的可能性。     

城市老年人口家庭经济流动类型及其影响因素分析——以上海为例

文章采用“上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查”的数据，对不同人口学特征的城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型进行分析，发现城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型的性别差异、年龄差异、受教育程度差异和婚姻差异。运用二元Logistic回归对老年人家庭经济流动类型的影响因素进行分析，结果表明性别、年龄、受教育程度、子女补贴、月平均收入和住院天数等因素对老年人家庭代际经济流动类型有显著影响。     

流动人口的社会特征及其收入影响因素分析

文章作者通过实际调查和分析结果证明,在经济发达地区打工的流动人口的性别、年龄、受教育年限、在本单位工作年限等基本社会特征均对其收入水平存在显著性影响。男性比女性、已婚者比未婚者年龄大、收入高。受教育年限、在本单位工作时间和年龄的增长能不同程度地提高流动就业人口的收入水平。流动人口只有在经历了一段时间的尝试,掌握了生产技术并积累起工作经验后,就业岗位和收入水平才能相对稳定下来。一部分流动人口已明确表示愿意在打工地区定居下来,且收入相对较高或家乡与就业地区生活水平差距较大的流动人口更倾向于正式迁移,男性和受教育年限较长者移民经济发达地区的愿望也更明显。     

往复式流动还是永久性回流：农村女性就业流动性差异及决定因素研究

通过在湖北省调查的2883个农村女性劳动力样本,首先描述分析了选择往复式流动和永久性回流的农村女性的人口学特征差异,然后利用Logistic方法实证分析了人力资本变量、社会资本变量和家庭禀赋变量对农村女性做出往复式流动和永久性回流决策的影响。研究发现,往复式流动决策的做出主要受女性自身人力资本变量的影响,而永久性回流决策受三类变量的共同影响。女性年龄对于往复式流动有正向作用,对永久性回流起反向作用,受教育年限对往复式流动起反向作用。对永久性回流的作用则相反。     

流动人口在流动过程中的暂时性回流及其影响因素——基于生命历程的视角

流动人口的暂时性回流是其流动过程中的重要一环,但在迄今的相关研究中长期遭到忽视.本文基于2015年国家卫生计生委流动人口动态监测数据以及对福建省有代表性的流动人口流动经历和过程问卷调查数据,在生命历程理论的视角下揭示了流动人口暂时性回流的特征,并运用二元logistic回归模型对其影响因素进行分析.结果表明:(1)近三成流动人口在流动过程中有过暂时性回流行为,且结婚、 生养孩子等人生阶段性目标为其回流的主要原因;(2)半数以上流动人口的暂时性回流行为发生在首次城市流动和首次职业流动之后;(3)婚姻、 生育、 就业变动等生命历程中的重大事件对流动人口的暂时性回流行为产生显著影响.从性别差异上看,女性流动人口的暂时性回流整体上受到上述因素的影响程度高于男性.女性更容易受到婚姻、 家庭子女数量等因素的影响,生命历程对女性的暂时性回流行为更具解释力.最后,提出了相关政策启示.     

教育代际传递对农村子女收入性别差距的影响及差异性分析——基于反事实视角北大核心

2020年后相对贫困治理成为解决中国“三农问题”的重要任务,缩小农村收入差距、促进社会代际流动是重要施策点。而教育公平作为起点公平,是打破社会阶层固化、促进底层向上流动的重要工具,农村教育的机会平等更是后扶贫时代缓解相对贫困的基本方略。本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,运用反事实视角检验教育机会不平等对农村子女收入差距的影响及变化。实证结果显示农村家庭子女存在教育机会的性别不平等,即教育代际传递过程中儿子与女儿的教育机会存在差距,女性子女教育机会受到父母教育程度的约束性影响;农村子女教育代际流动与其收入水平存在相关性,且教育代际向上流动对收入具有正向影响,而性别间也存在教育代际流动方向上的差异;教育因素对农村子女收入性别差距的贡献表现为特征效应而非系数效应,教育分布扩大了收入性别差距,而教育回报率缩小了收入性别差距;在反事实视角下,当消除女性子女教育代际传递的劣势后,子女收入性别差距减小约10%且教育禀赋不再对收入性别差距产生正向影响。相关教育政策一方面应该加强劣势群体的社会保障,改善相对贫困家庭的教育投资现状,从根本上解决农村子女上学问题;另一方面应该改善优质教育资源配置及教育机会分配。同时继续加强农村地区男女平等基本国策的宣传教育,改善女性地位,发挥女性优势。     

创业的性别差异研究——同群效应的视角

优化劳动力市场的性别结构对中国经济转型和可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2010—2020年CFPS六期的追踪调查数据研究创业的性别差异问题,结果显示,中国男性创业比例持续高于女性,但这一差异逐期收敛。应用广义倾向得分匹配(GPSM)和工具变量法控制同群效应的“反射”问题。分析认为,同群效应不仅对创业活动存在显著的正向效应,而且对男性和女性的影响是不同的。从不同世代的角度来看,同群效应对个人创业行为存在代际传递效应和性别趋同性,女性创业受到母亲行为的影响更大,男性创业受到父亲行为的影响更大;从同世代的角度来看,女性创业主要受到同群女性创业行为的影响,男性创业主要受到同群男性创业行为的影响,且同群效应对女性创业的影响大于男性;同群效应对个体创业概率的影响呈现先递增后递减的非线性特征,因此,同群效应对创业活动的正向作用是短期的。异质性分析表明,在生存型创业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,在机会型创业中没有显著的性别差异;男性主导型行业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,而女性主导型行业中,创业的同群效应没有显著的性别差异。在控制了人口流动导致的自选择问题后,研究结论仍然是稳健的...     

试论女性人口教育状态对婚育状态的影响

同批出生妇女的平均初婚年龄和平均生育子女数受社会、经济、文化习俗和政策等诸多因素的影响.本文试图以1988年全国2%生育节育抽样调查为基础,专门分析我国女性人口平均教育水平对女性平均初婚年龄和平均生育子女数的影响,并探讨不同类地区的影响模式,说明提高女性文化教育水平的长远意义.二、不同文化程度妇女平均生育子女数的差异依据1988年全国2%生育节育抽样调查数据,我们计算了城市、城郊、镇和农村四类地区45—57岁(分三个年龄组)不同文化程度妇女平均生育子女数的差异.显然,这些妇女基本上完成了终身生育任务,在生育期内受计划牛育政策的影响较小.教育水平同其它社会、经济、文化因素一起影响了她们的生育行为.     

经济发达农村地区外来劳动力的性别差异研究

本文考察了苏南农村发达地区外来劳动力在个人特征、工作条件及收入等方面的性别差异 ,分析了女性在就业和工作中面临的不同于男性外来劳动力的待遇及其原因。主要结论有 :发达地区男女外来劳动力收入存在着较大差异 ,除了受教育程度 ,地区差异外 ,性别歧视也是一个重要原因。经济发达农村地区应当进一步规范就业制度 ,尽快消除各种限制劳动力自由流动的市场障碍 ,加强对外来劳动力的综合管理和服务 ,为劳动力的充分自由流动创造条件     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

第五届亚太生殖健康大会

为推动开罗国际人口与发展大会《行动纲领》及“千年发展目标”在亚太区域如期实现，2009年10月18-20日，由中国国家人口计生委、中国计划生育协会、中国人口学会、国际计划生育联合会、联合国人口基金、人口与发展南南合作伙伴组织等共同举办的第五届亚太生殖健康大会在北京召开。