人类开发利用地下空间的历史发展概要

随着城市地下空间的大规模开发利用，其在解决日益严重的空间资源危机、推进城市宜居环境建设等方面显现出其他空间资源所不具备的巨大优势，也越来越受到学术研究界的关注。笔者对地下空间历史发展演变过程进行了初步的概要性研究，总结了人类在不同的发展历史阶段对地下空间改造设计利用的利弊，为解决当前城市地下空间规划设计所面临的问题、更加科学地探索未来地下空间的发展方向吸取有益的经验。     

国内地下空间环境对行为心理影响研究进展

地下空间作为城市开发的重要方向,其环境对人的行为心理的影响是评价城市地下空间质量的重要因素之一。本文通过对国内现有地下空间环境对人的行为心理影响研究的文献分析,探讨该领域的研究进展。首先,结合文献数量及城市发展背景,梳理研究历程并划分为三个发展阶段;继而结合建筑空间设计与环境心理学视角,讨论现有研究中的主要路径与手段;随后对空间环境影响要素进行梳理,根据需求层次理论构建影响行人行为心理的地下空间环境要素体系,包含生理需求、安全需求、行为需求与情感需求。最后总结当前地下空间环境对人的行为心理影响这一研究领域中存在的研究对象单一、研究理论与设计实践脱节等问题,提出针对长期停留人员影响特性研究、视角多元化交叉研究等未来的研究方向,并对建成后的地下空间环境评价进行反馈与长期监控,为今后地下空间环境的设计、研究提出建议。     

地下空间功能演变及历史研究脉络对当代城市发展的启示

地下空间形态从点、线、网状发展到空间的立体化与系统化利用,与城市发展聚集程度密切相关。地下空间利用在城市产生之初就具有系统性特征,柯布西耶等提出的"垂直的田园城市"规划思想对当代中国地下空间规划及利用具有奠基性意义。1790至今的研究表明,"地下空间"一词出现于1980年后地下空间的规模化开发,2000年之后中国成为地下空间开发及研究的主战场。中国由于城市发展状况多样、地理气候多样,地下空间开发模式兼具世界各国的特征,未来地下空间的开发将吸取国外地下空间的发展经验,建立多种地下空间开发模式。     

透视"北京2008"奥运城市规划问题

2008年奥运会无疑会加速北京现代化建设进程,与此同时,更多的矛盾与问题也会接踵而至,这也是摆在城市设计者面前的客观现实,因此我们需要冷静地思考,对城市整体空间内的社会、文化、经济等诸多相关理论和现实问题综合考虑,统筹研究北京奥运城市空间规划.     

生态空间与容量约束下城市空间增长研究——以贵阳市花溪区为例

综合考虑快速增长的刚性需求、提质发展的客观要求以及山水生态环境保护的现实条件,是确保西部山地城市健康、快速发展需解决的关键问题。本文在分析生态敏感性、生态承载力的研究方法及其作用特征的基础上,设计了整合生态敏感性空间约束、生态承载力容量约束的城市空间规划技术方法。以贵阳市花溪区为实证,从规模容量控制、空间格局规划以及管控指引等方面示范了相应的技术方法,明确了其发展规模和空间,并提出了控制要点。     

智慧城市发展中的理论变革——基于城市经济视角

智慧城市受到全球关注,在我国也开始大规模发展,这是无法逆转的城市发展新趋势,亟须深刻阐述智慧城市发展的本质及相关理论问题,促进实践与理论良性互动发展.智慧城市是城市发展的重要历史演进阶段,对传统城市形成了前所未有的挑战.在与传统城市对比分析的基础上,笔者从城市经济视角阐述智慧城市的根植性变革及其引致的城市经济理论变革,最后提出相关启示,以期更好地促进我国智慧城市发展.     

治理精细化背景下的城市公共空间规划管理实施路径

公共空间在空间规划改革和城市人居环境建设中承担着关键的作用,我国在过去40年中公共空间的建设得到空前发展,2000年以后有关公共空间的中文研究文献也大幅增长。但在城市设计转型和城市治理精细化的背景下,公共空间规划管理面临着法律依据、规划引导和审查机制等方面的问题。通过文献梳理和实地走访,总结当下国内典型城市在公共空间规划管理方面的创新与尝试,提出"法制化、精细化、协同化"是未来提高城市公共空间治理能力的关键,并力图提供可供参考的实践路径。     

城市设计思维下城镇开发边界"修订"方法研究——以广州为例

2019年5月9日,《中共中央国务院关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》的发布标志着国土空间规划成为新时期国家空间发展的指南。其中,划定生态保护红线、永久基本农田、城镇开发边界等"三线"是国土空间规划的核心内容。城镇开发边界作为国土空间规划中指导和约束城镇发展的区域边界线,在城镇实际建设中承担底线控制和引导发展的双重作用。我国的城镇开发边界划定思路总体采用底线思维,对于城市设计思维的考量尚缺乏系统性的研究探讨。本文从城市设计思维出发,结合广州市国土空间总体规划的编制工作,对城镇开发边界划定过程中的格局识别、方案划定、边界修正等步骤提出城镇开发边界"修订"方法,并建议在生态斑块和空间单元视角下丰富城镇开发边界规整工作。     

城市绿色空间健康效益的社会生态调节因素研究

城市绿色空间是城市生态系统服务的重要载体。既往人—境交互视角下的大量研究基本证实了绿色空间的健康效益,但对影响二者间效益转化的调节因素缺乏深入研究。根据社会生态理论与相关研究,从社会人口和物质环境两方面定性分析了调节因素及其作用机制,即社会生态调节因素通过影响使用动机、使用机会或易用性来影响绿色空间使用并由此调节健康效益。进一步,基于城市游园研究案例对此予以实证。结果显示,游园使用具有一定的情绪健康改善作用,但此过程受到使用者年龄、教育程度、收入水平、家庭结构以及游园使用距离等因素的调节。面对不断凸显的公共健康问题和愈发紧缺的绿色空间,未来相关研究的焦点有必要从"绿色空间是否影响健康"的基础研究转向包括调节过程在内的"绿色空间如何影响健康"的应用研究,以有效提升应用实践效率。     

治理与生活一体化:城市党群服务中心空间生产逻辑研究——以苏州W街道党群服务中心为例

在回顾社会工作视角与基层党建视角的基础上,引入了空间生产视角,报告了苏州W街道城市党群服务中心的空间形态现状。从分析治理主体与生活主体的选择结构入手,揭示了从空间治理化到空间生活化,再到治理与生活一体化的党群服务中心空间生产逻辑。城市党群服务中心构建治理与生活一体化空间的宏观依据在于,以治理组织生活和以生活影响治理是新时期城市良善政治与社会治理共同体得以形成的两个相互勾连的支柱。通过W街道党群服务中心个案的拓展分析,实际建构并初步应用了"治理与生活"理论视角。未来可以通过历史分析、案例比较乃至与国外城市"功能等价物"的比较分析,进一步阐明党群服务中心空间生产中治理与生活的互动逻辑。     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.