试析利率对现行职工养老保险模式下养老保险基金平衡的影响

中国城市企业职工养老保险原来实行的是当年养老金收支平衡的现收现付筹资模式 ,退休职工养老金的数额按退休前工资的一定比例计发。随着人口老龄化的到来 ,为了适当减轻未来老龄化严重时期的社会养老负担 ,中国职工养老保险由现收现付模式改为部分积累模式 ,养老金计发则改为社会统筹和个人帐户相结合 (简称“统帐结合”)的养老金计发办法。实行“统帐结合”计发办法下的部分积累模式 ,这是中国对养老保险制度的创新。新的养老保险制度带来许多新情况和新问题。利率对养老保险基金平衡的影响则是其中最主要问题之一。在原来现收现付筹资模…     

我国民办高等教育成本分担问题研究

高等教育成本分担理论为解决我国高等教育经费不足问题提供了可行性.目前,民办高等教育成本分担主体单一,民办高校自身、政府、社会没有很好地发挥主体作用.在学费、财政投入、教育消费与教育捐赠等方面,缺少相应的制度.针对以上问题,通过加大政府投资、有效利用社会资源、合理分配个人及其家庭的教育成本比例等措施,优化高等教育成本分担,建立一种全社会共同合理补偿高等教育成本的制度.     

为什么要发高龄津贴

中国正在走向老龄化的高峰，因此，养老问题成为今年“两会”讨论的热点之一。日前，民政部社会福利和慈善事业促进司司长王振耀表示，2010年民政部将统一高龄津贴制度，全国80岁以上的老年人可享受“高龄津贴”。     

我国政府绩效评估的困境与出路探析

政府绩效评估事关建设责任型政府、服务型政府和法治型政府的力度和进程。然而我国政府绩效评估制度化、规范化不完善,评估主体单一,理念有待提升,评估指标不够健全。由此亟待从制度、理念、体系等方面加以改进．明确绩效评估的“4w”．建立健全绩效评估有关制度规范．树立科学评估理念．健全评估主体．建立健全科学的政府绩效评估体系。     

延迟退休年龄的可行性分析

近些年来,我国老龄化速度迅速加快,养老金缺口却逐渐加大。如何在不加大财政负担的情况下来有效满足老年人养老需求是养老政策改革的重要目标。本文针将结合中国的养老实际从延迟退休年龄对青年人的就业、对养老金缺口的缓解作用以及具体操作的可行性等方面对延迟退休年龄进行可行性分析,希望对完善政策有所作用。     

日本退休制度改革举措对我国延迟退休改革的启示

在老龄化进程加快、劳动力不足、人均寿命增长的趋势下,我国养老金收支不平衡的问题越来越严重,延迟退休是必然选择.退休制度关系国计民生,加上我国现行退休制度还不完善,因此我国在借鉴日本退休制度改革的经验时,要从国情出发,实事求是地完善退休法律制度,制定配套的政策措施,逐步推迟退休年龄,充分发挥老年人在社会中的作用,缓解老龄化的冲击,保持经济和社会的稳健发展.     

养老金制度存在的问题与改革研究

上世纪80年代以来,在经济全球化的背景下,人口老龄化的现象越来越严重,我国于1997年步入老龄化社会,成为"未富先老"的发展中国家。如今个人账户养老金成为国民养老收入的主要来源之一,如何改进养老金制度是本文的研究重点。通过对中国养老金制度存在的问题进行分析,研究关于养老金制度选择的主要理论,就我国养老金账户制度的改革提出政策建议。     

多知多寿

正养老金体系排名中国居亚洲第一全球最大的保险和资产管理集团之一发布了《全球养老金报告》,在全球养老金体系中,中国总排名第11位,居亚洲第一。相关指数还显示,中国养老金体系在可持续性方面位列全球前五位。中国人均预期寿命升至77.3岁国家卫健委发布的统计公报显示,中国居民人均预期寿命由2018年的77.0岁提高到2019年的77.3岁,孕产妇死亡率从18.3/10万下降到17.8/10万,婴儿死亡率从6.1‰下降到5.6‰。     

《需要层次理论视域下敬老文化的发展困境与纾解》

敬老文化是中国传统文化的重要组成,然而随着我国社会进入现代市场经济社会,敬老文化的传承与发展面临着三大困境:第一,农耕文化消失,敬老失去了传统土壤;第二,宗法家族制度解体,敬老失去了传统的制度保障;第三,现代社会中老人的地位由权威变为弱势. 根据美国心理学家马斯洛所提出的需要层次理论,敬老文化传承与发展的主体是人,既包括年轻人,也包括老年人.敬老文化可以同时满足年轻人和老年人多个层次的需要,年轻人通过敬老可以满足安全需要、归属和爱的需要、自尊的需要和自我实现的需要,而对于老年人来说,敬老文化则能满足老年人五个层次的需要.据此,要突破敬老文化传承与发展困境,可从以下三个方面着手.     

关于土地储备货款的探讨

土地储备贷款业务政府色彩较浓厚,存在着一些不容忽视的问题。本文从土地储备制度的法律问题、贷款主体管理体制的不确定性、融资渠道单一、贷款期限与储备土地运营周期之间的期限结构不合理及贷款担保中的法律问题等方面,分析了目前土地储备贷款中存在的风险,提出应尽快确定土地储备制度的法律地位、建立多渠道筹资机制和引入商业担保机制,以确保信贷资产安全的对策。     

Old age pension and intergenerational living arrangements: a regression discontinuity design

China launched a pension program for rural residents in 2009, now covering more than 300 million Chinese. This program offers a unique setting for studying the ageing population, given the rapidity of China’s population ageing, traditions of filial piety and co-residence, decreasing number of children, and dearth of formal social security, at a relatively low income level. This paper examines whether receipt of the old-age pension payment equips elderly parents and their adult children to live apart and whether parents substitute children’s time involved in instrumental support to them with service consumption. Employing a regression discontinuity design to a primary longitudinal survey conducted in Guizhou province of China, this paper overcomes challenges in the literature that households eligible for pension payment might be systematically different from ineligible households and that it is difficult to separate the effect of pension from that of age or cohort heterogeneity. Around the pension eligibility age cut-off, results reveal large and significant reduction in intergenerational co-residence of the extended family and increase in service consumption among elderly parents.     

Emerging Social Work Field Education Trends in China

MSW field education in China has been adopting Western models. However, this adaptation cannot address all educational and professional training needs in China. This study used an exploratory qualitative study design and interviewed 54 MSW students regarding their field experiences at a university in Shanghai. Results revealed six key themes: field education curriculum design’s influence on student field experiences, faculty advisers’ influence on student field experiences, field agencies’ expectations toward MSW intern performance, field agencies’ capacity to host MSW interns, student perceptions of their professional competencies, and students’ coping strategies to manage challenges in field practicum. Competency-based social work field education is a potential solution to address the current social work field education challenges in China.     

Inequality of Pension Arrangements Among Different Segments of the Labor Force in China

Social security for older people in China today has been established institutionally. However, there are substantial problems such as coverage, affordability, fund management, and corruption. This paper aims to provide a general picture of China's social security system for older people and to argue that the inequality of pension arrangements among different segments of the labor force is one of the most conspicuous problems challenging the Chinese government. Four unequal aspects of the pension system concerning the financing resources and pension levels are examined in this paper: (1) unequal institutional arrangements among different sectors, (2) unbalanced governmental expenditure in pension provision, (3) an increasing gap in pension levels between urban and rural areas, and (4) uncovered groups such as the unemployed and self-employed. Historical, economic, and political reasons all contribute to this unequal institution under transition from socialism to a market-oriented economy. At present, it is urgent for the central government to take measures to integrate the various pension arrangements into the unified Old Age Insurance and to reduce the gaps among different regions.     

Gender inequalities in pensions: different components similar levels of dispersion

While the average gender gap in pensions is quite well documented, gender differences in the distribution of pensions have rarely been explored. We show in this paper that pension dispersion is very similar for men and women within the French pension system of a given sector (public or private). Gender differences are less marked among retired civil servants than among former private sector employees. However, the determinants of these inequalities are not the same for men and women. Using a regression-based decomposition of the Gini coefficient, we find that pension dispersion is mostly due to dispersion of the reference wage for all retirees but gender differences exist. For women, in particular, pension dispersion is also due to the dispersion in contribution periods. We also decompose the Gini coefficient by source of pension to measure the impact of institutional rules (minimum pensions, survivor’s pension) on the extent of pension inequality. Unexpectedly, we find that the impact of minimum pensions is limited, although slightly larger for civil servants than for private-sector employees. Survivor’s pension schemes, on the other hand, contribute positively to pension dispersion among retired women.     

Engaging for a social licence to operate (SLO)

Organizations - in free and relatively free market economies - depend on permission to operate being granted by stakeholders. This often-tacit permission functions as a social licence and reflects an organization’s ability to engage with its stakeholders to identify and respond to their demands and expectations. Research suggests the generation of a social licence to operate (SLO) and its reputational benefits depends on the quality of organization-stakeholder relationships, but limited attention to how this occurs has been given in the public relations literature. This paper explores two organizational approaches to building SLO – pro-self and pro-social – and considers the role of public relations and engagement in achieving, maintaining, and repairing SLO.     

Hybrid happening: Organizational reputations in corporate crises

Public relations professionals strive to develop mutually beneficial relationships among key publics that will result in favorable organizational reputations, but crises typically threaten those reputations. Much of public relations crisis research focuses on how to respond after a crisis, but drawing on Expectation Violation Theory (EVT), this research focuses on the expectations of stakeholders before a crisis and how they process information during a crisis. Drawing from reputation management research in marketing, it conceptualizes corporate reputations as encompassing associations related to corporate ability (CA) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Reputation management research generally has investigated reputations as strong on either CA or CSR, but this research examines the effects of a “hybrid” reputation, which is strong in terms of both CA and CSR associations. The results of an experiment reveal that stakeholders’ responses during a crisis vary based on their expectations, how they perceive a hybrid reputation, and the crisis type. The study has theoretical implications regarding stakeholders’ information processing during a crisis, and it provides public relations professionals insights regarding how to cultivate and protect an organizational reputation.     

Pension Reform in China

This article analyzes China’s pension arrangement and notes that China has recently established a universal non-contributory pension plan covering urban non-employed workers and all rural residents, combined with the pension plan covering urban employees already in place. Further, in the latest reform, China has discontinued the special pension plan for civil servants and integrated this privileged welfare class into the urban old-age pension insurance program. With these steps, China has achieved a degree of universalism and integration of its pension arrangement unprecedented in the non-Western world. Despite this radical pension transformation strategy, we argue that the current Chinese pension arrangement represents a case of “incomplete” universalism. First, its benefit level is low. Moreover, the benefit level varies from region to region. Finally, universalism in rural China has been undermined due to the existence of the “policy bundle.” Additionally, we argue that the 2015 pension reform has created a situation in which the stratification of Chinese pension arrangements has been “flattened,” even though it remains stratified to some extent.     

Social messengers as the new frontier of organization-public engagement: A WeChat study

Mobile-based social messengers have overtaken social networking sites as the new frontier for organizations to engage online stakeholders. This study provides one of the earliest empirical investigations on the antecedents and relational outcomes of pubic engagement with companies via WeChat—one of the world’s most popular social messaging apps. Publics’ social messenger dependency and privacy perception of the medium are found to effectively drive public engagement, which in turn enhances organization-public relationships. Strategic guidelines based on the study findings are provided.     

Women's Welfare and Social Security Privatization in Mexico

Several Latin American countries have fully or partially privatizedtheir public pensions since the 1980s. In 1995 Mexico privatizedits public pension system, including a shift from a definedbenefit to defined contribution system based on privately administeredindividual accounts. This article uses feminist criteria toevaluate the gender impact of welfare regimes and concludesthat the Mexican pension privatization will have a negativeeffect on women’s welfare in old age.     

Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution

Russia’s transition to a market economy has been accompanied by serious, and in some ways unanticipated, disruptions of the existing social welfare system. The social policy dilemma has become a contentious issue in the national political arena. This paper examines the debate on the relationship between social welfare and democratization in post-communist Russia, exploring the case of pensions for the elderly. Although the causes of the pension crisis are complex and rooted in institutional difficulties, the state’s fiscal weakness alone does not explain the difficulties and controversies associated with Russia’s pension crisis. Analysis of the assumptions and principles of pension policy during the Soviet era and perestroika reveals that Russia today is caught between contradictory and competing discourses over citizens’ entitlement to pensions: Is an old-age pension to be considered a reward distributed by a prosperous society, or a basic and inviolable human right? Although the Russian government has used an argument that in effect makes pensions conditional on government resources, citizen and opposition protest has to some extent compelled the Russian government to be increasingly sensitive to demands for guaranteed pensions.