Career mobility as a Poisson process: An application to the career dynamics of men and women in the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency from the Civil War to World War II

Poisson process models of upward mobility in job rewards are developed and estimated using event history techniques on data from one organization over a period of 80 years. The models developed permit the inclusion of independent variables which vary over a person's career and are used to analyze differences in the mobility of men and women. The main findings are (1) the career dynamics of men and women are similar in general form, both best described by a segmented, heterogeneous, and nonstationary Poisson process; (2) parametric differences exist between the models for men and women in terms of how certain independent variables affect the rate of arrival of opportunities to move up in the reward hierarchy and in terms of how others affect the rate of being given or taking advantage of such opportunities; and (3) both men and women appear to benefit by being in competition with one another for available opportunities. Theoretical interpretations of these results are discussed in relation to differences in the flow of opportunities to locations in the reward hierarchy occupied predominantly by men versus those occupied predominantly by women.     

Choosing colleges: Identifying and modeling choice sets

Although largely ignored in the growing literature about college choice that adopts a random utility modeling framework, there is reason to believe that the estimates are sensitive to the criteria used to define the choice sets. Accordingly, this paper examines the methodological and substantive implications of using merit (class rank) and socioeconomic (high school strata) to define college choice sets. Using Texas as a case study, results show that criteria used to constrain choice sets—and type of high school attend in particular—not only produce quite different post-secondary institutional profiles, but also different estimates of institutional attributes on students’ top choice. These findings have methodological implications for future research about college choice and substantive importance for the prospects that the Texas top 10% law, which guarantees automatic admission to students who graduate in the top decile of their high school class, will equalize access to the state’s competitive public institutions.     

A causal approach to the measurement of job statisfaction

Differences in indicators used to measure job satisfaction raise the question of their comparability. Four commonly used measures of job satisfaction are thus compared with respect to their relationship to three independent variables—education, occupational status, and income (i.e., wages)—in the context of a causal model that incorporates considerations of measurement error in both independent and dependent variables. It is found that in some cases, different indicators imply different conclusions regarding the influence of education and occupational status on job satisfaction. The utility of a causal modeling approach to these problems is also demonstrated.     

Are there sex differences in the utilization of educational capital among college-educated workers?

This paper introduces the concept of educational utilization as an overlooked part of the education-to-work transition and a potential mechanism by which occupational sex segregation is generated among the college-educated labor force. The paper begins with a critical discussion of the operationalization approaches that have been used in prior research that implicitly measures educational utilization. Multiple empirical measure of the concept are then developed using data from the O*NET and the National Surveys of College Graduates. The explanatory power of each measure is assessed using conditional logit models of occupational attainment. A combined measure is then used to assess sex differences in educational utilization using data from the 1993 and 2003 National Surveys of College Graduates for 2 cohorts of college graduates—those who earned their baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degrees and entered the labor market in the years 1985–1993 and 1995–2003. The analysis identifies sex differences in educational utilization that vary across field, degree level and cohort and concludes with an examination of the implications of sex differences in educational utilization for occupational segregation.     

邓小平共同富裕思想的概念界定及其引申

厘清共同富裕的概念是科学研究共同富裕的起点。研究视角解析和历史考察是邓小平共同富裕概念界定的重要参考和依据，科学、全面地定义共同富裕，还需要处理好目标本身的时代性和现实性、内容领域的多样性与层次性、实现标准的过程性与阶段性的辩证统一。     

Economic deprivation and racial segregation: Comparing Superfund sites in Portland, Oregon and Detroit, Michigan

The research presented here weighs the ability of two major explanations of social inequality—Massey and Denton’s racial segregation explanation and Wilson’s emphasis on economic deprivation (concentrated poverty)—to predict environmental inequality. Two sets of logistic regression analyses are used to predict the location of Superfund sites in Portland, Oregon and Detroit, Michigan providing a conditional understanding of environmental inequality within a larger sociological context. The analysis includes a general examination of the two theories in all census tracts in both cities and a set of analyses focusing upon Black neighborhoods in Detroit. The findings indicate that there is support for explanations of environmental inequality that include both racial segregation and economic deprivation, but that the more powerful of the two is economic deprivation. The results suggest that even though African-American neighborhoods disproportionately house Superfund sites, these facilities are more likely to be located in Black neighborhoods that are economically deprived.     

文化哲学视野的人类基本的文化关系

当今世界，人类的文化关系普遍确立，其内容日益丰富。人与文化的关系、人与自然的关系、人与人的关系，文化及其存在形态间的关系，是最基本的文化关系。人类的其他一切文化关系，都是由这些基本的文化关系衍生的。文化哲学应该对人类的一切文化关系尤其是新生的文化关系予以高度关切，推动人类文化关系向和谐、丰富、健康的方向发展，但对这些基本的文化关系的反思、调试，仍然是文化哲学的基本任务。     

虚拟资源:国际贸易发展中值得关注的新视角

虚拟资源(V irtual Resources)是从虚拟水中引伸出来的一个新概念,是物质资源或实体资源的另一种表达方式。本文主要从国际贸易的产品(商品)交换的角度,研究以“虚拟资源”的形式包含在产品贸易中“体察不到”的资源(环境)交换。探讨了“虚拟资源”内涵和特点,分析了国际贸易中不同产品的资源要素构成的形式,揭示资源要素流动的规律,对国际贸易中如何评价和计算各类产品的“虚拟资源”进行了初步的探讨。     

Wealth Accumulation across the Adult Life Course: Stability and Change in Sociodemographic Covariate Structures of Net Worth Data in the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1984–1991

This paper reports microlevel Tobit regression analyses of sociodemographic covariates of the life course accumulation of total household net worth data in eight waves of five distinct panels—spanning over 6 years from late 1984 through early 1991—of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). It is found that the quadratic age–wealth relationship predicted by Modigliani's Life Cycle Hypothesis is evident in aggregate age–median wealth profiles as well as in the micro data for households with positive net worth. However, when adult status attainment variables are entered into the regression models either by themselves or in combination with marital/family status variables, the age of household head at which net worth begins to decline is far beyond the typical retirement age. In addition, the traditional criterion variables of sociological status attainment theory—educational attainment, occupational status, and earnings—are found to be positively associated with household net worth, although the net effect of occupational status generally is not statistically significant and the earnings effect is nonlinear. Further, consistent with status attainment theory, householder minority status (black, Hispanic) is negatively associated with the accumulation of net worth. It is found that both single male and single female householder status are negatively associated with the accumulation of household net worth (relative to married couple households) as is the size of the household (measured by the number of children under age 18 present). Separate logistic regression analyses show that households with zero and negative net worth are more likely than households with positive net worth to be black and have low earnings. Higher levels of educational and occupational status attainment reduce the probability of zero net worth but not the probability of negative net worth. Male- and female-headed households and households headed by Hispanics also are more likely to have zero net worth, but not negative net worth. The estimated sociodemographic covariate structures of household net worth are found to exhibit substantial stability across both waves and panels in the SIPP—although effects of the 1990–1991 recession are detectable in estimates for the 1990 panel. Possible applications of the estimated models in demographic projections of household net worth are suggested.     

The role of social and cognitive factors in individual gambling: An empirical study on college students

Most of the studies on the determinants of individual gambling behaviour rely on cognitive theories. In our study, we argue that, besides cognitive factors, several social factors might play an important role as well. We analyse data from an ad hoc webmail survey conducted on about 2000 undergraduate students enrolled in a large public university in the Northern Italy in the academic year 2012–13. Using a variety of statistical techniques (standard regression models, boosted regression trees and structural equations models), we show that social variables affect both participation in gambling in the past year and latent gambling propensity. In particular, controlling for several proxies for individual cognitive ability and understanding of probability, gambling propensity is positively affected by the degree of gambling in the social surrounding (parents, peers, neighbourhood) and the acceptability of gambling activities to the individual. Moreover, in our sample of college students the role of social factors appears to be larger than that of cognitive factors, and this is consistent across different types of models and specifications.     

汉语句子的形态标记研究

无论是从跨语言还是从历时的观点看，汉语都有不少与其他语言形态标记类同的语法成分。文章采用问卷调查的方法，寻找汉语句子的形式标记，并从篇章的角度分析这些形态标记与汉语句子之间的关系。汉语句子的判断同主语形式、主从关系、背景前景有密切的对应关系。主语省略的零形主语，可以出现在一个完整的句子之后，是句子判断的形式标记之一；而非省略零形主语，往往是小句的形式标记；状语多用于提供背景信息，处于一个句子的主句前面部分；连词连接不同的语义关系，揭示出主从不同的语义关系；主从关系，往往又同背景前景关系相对应；背景信息与从句相对应，而前景信息同主句相对应。文章认为汉语句子作为篇章语法的基本单位，不仅适合而且具有可操作性。     

Latent structures of vertical control in intergovernmental relations

Much of the work on interorganizational (IO) relations focuses on intracommunity bases of resource exchange, or what a number of writers have referred to as the “horizontal axes” of community organization and resource control. Building on earlier work in the field, the present paper extends this conceptual framework to include “vertical” dimensions of resource control as they pertain to the work relations of governmental units at the local and extralocal level. In this context, vertical control is viewed as a power-dependence relation between county-based public service agencies and their “parent” units at the state and federal level. Variations in these control relations are used to identify alaternate structures of vertical control within a set of public service programs spanning several units of government. The analysis reveals three basic types of vertical control structure each of which is shown to foster a distinct pattern of exchange relations among these units.     

Friends’ religiosity and first sex

Researchers have established that individual religiosity influences sexual behavior and that religious support can increase consistency between personal religiosity and behavior. Researchers are less certain, however, of the effect that religious friendship networks have on sexual behavior. In addition, the effects of network characteristics such as density and one’s position in a social network have not been established. This paper uses a network subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine the effect of friends’ religiosity on the probability of first sex. We find that friends’ religiosity has an independent influence on adolescent sexual behavior that is similar in magnitude to personal religiosity. We also find evidence that friends’ religiosity has the strongest influence on the sexual behavior of adolescents who are embedded in dense social networks, in which teens’ friends are also friends with one another. These results support the hypothesis that group influences depend on the degree of embeddedness within the network and highlight the importance of studying religion as a property of groups as well as individuals.     

国内网络治理研究回顾及展望——基于CiteSpace软件的可视化分析

运用分析软件CiteSpace,对2004-2019年中国知网数据库(CNKI)收录的主题为网络治理或互联网治理的662篇CSSCI文献进行可视化分析,并辅以Excel等软件进行统计,可以从定量角度整体把握网络治理的研究脉络与现状.通过对作者和研究机构共现分析、高被引文献分析、关键词共现分析、关键词聚类分析及关键词突变分析等,呈现了国内网络治理研究领域的发展脉络、研究特点、研究主题分布等情况.国内网络治理研究的热点包括网络治理内容、网络治理主体及网络治理目标三个方面,研究的前沿集中在大数据、网络主权及"互联网+"等领域.未来网络治理研究应注重不同学科知识的交叉融合,并在网络空间发展、演进的动态过程中进行治理研究.     

Thumbs up for privacy?: Differences in online self-disclosure behavior across national cultures

This study investigates relationships between national-level culture and online self-disclosure behavior. We operationalize culture through the GLOBE dimensions, a set of nine variables measuring cultural practices and another nine measuring values. Our observations of self-disclosure come from the privacy settings of approximately 200,000 randomly sampled Facebook users who designated a geographical network in 2009. We model privacy awareness as a function of one or more GLOBE variables with demographic covariates, evaluating the relative influence of each factor. In the top-performing models, we find that the majority of the cultural dimensions are significantly related to privacy awareness behavior. We also find that the hypothesized directions of several of these relationships, based largely on cultural attitudes towards threat mitigation, are confirmed.     

公众外交：美国对外政策的重要工具

美国公众外交是指美国政府针对其他国家民众采取的对外宣传和文化交流活动。美国的公众外交有两个主要目标一是对外宣传美国的政策，特别是外交政策，目的在于赢得外国民众对美国的支持；二是使外国民众更好地了解美国的社会制度和社会文化，实质上是对外输出美国的价值观念和社会制度。美国公众外交的根本目的在于为美国对外政策服务，维护美国在世界上的霸权地位。     

大学生网络思想政治教育的实效性评价

网络思想政治教育作为思想政治教育的新方式，其实效性评价与现实思想政治教育比较有其不同的评价内容。大学生网络思想政治教育实效性评价可选取指导思想及管理机制、教育者、教育内容、教育方法、情境创设和教育对象等方面进行综合考察。评价内容的选定要结合网络特性和我国大学生思想政治教育的实际情况，也要考虑评价的规律性和操作性。     

An assessment of the construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being: Method, mode, and measurement effects

This study assesses the measurement properties of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RPWB)—a widely used instrument designed to measure six dimensions of psychological well-being. Analyses of self-administered RPWB data from three major surveys—Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), National Survey of Families and Households II, and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS)—yielded very high overlap among the dimensions. These large correlations persisted even after eliminating several methodological sources of confounding, including question wording, question order, and negative item-wording. However, in MIDUS pretest and WLS telephone administrations, correlations among the dimensions were much lower. Past research demonstrates that self-administered instruments provide more valid psychological measurements than telephone surveys, and we therefore place more weight on the consistent results from the self-administered items. In sum, there is strong evidence that RPWB does not have as many as six distinct dimensions, and researchers should be cautious in interpreting its subscales.     

The anatomy of social network linkages

Social network analysis has developed impressively during the last quarter century, producing a variety of formal models and innumerable field studies. However problems of articulation have developed between the formal models and field studies. This paper is predicated upon the judgement that the solution to this difficulty lies in more (not less) highly elaborated formal models. The aim is to present a means for representing a very broad range of social phenomena using digraphs. Departing from an anatomical investigation of the linkages and nodes of conventionally represented network structures, and from a modified exchange-theoretic concept of sanction, means are presented for conceiving social interaction as flows of sanctions and messages which are depicted as arcs in a diagraph whose nodes represent social actors. Means are also presented for representing value systems, belief systems, and message content in digraph terms. Finally, several implications are discussed of the proposed conception of networks. It is suggested that its employment in the field may increase the range of phenomena formally expressible in network models, without thereby making excessive demands for inaccessible data. Second, means are proposed for experimentally realizing selected digraphs in the small-group laboratory and for coordinating field with laboratory investigations. Third, suggestions are made for integrating social network analysis with a formal decision theory, such as mathematical decision theory or bargaining theory. The result is formal models to which systems theory may be applied as a methodology for system simulations.