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排序方式: 共有238条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Jacques Carpay 《思想、文化和活动》2013,20(4):314-324
The present Vygotskian community is divided by a common language, 1 argue. By closer inspection there appears to be 2 quotation communities. The reasons for this are many, but the main reason seems to be the different reception histories of Vygosky's work in Russia and in the U. S., respectively. Concurrently, on the continent there also exist 2 different quotation communities. In one community Vygotsky's work initially was introduced through his Russian disciples; in the other community through his American adherents. This article focuses on a Vygotsky‐inspired curriculum rationale that is not yet widely known abroad. It is authored by El ‘konin and Davydov. In Russian parlance this approach is called Developmental Education. By closer inspection it turns out that there is a remarkable family resemblance between this approach and the American approach known as the Schools‐for‐Thought movement. Here both approaches are juxtaposed and critically valued. 相似文献
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Becker and Barro (1988) formulated a theoretical model which identified a range of macroeconomic variables which can temporarily
or permanently affect fertility in small open economies. This article tests the Becker-Barro model with relevant data which
covers most of the 20th century for two small open economies, namely The Netherlands and New Zealand. The results show that
government subsidies for having children have a strong positive effect on fertility, while the provision of public pensions
has a strong negative effect. The degree of intergenerational altruism appears to have been declining. Moreover, there is
only weak support for the hypothesis that real interest rates positively influence fertility.
Received: 2 March 1998/Accepted: 1 September 1999 相似文献
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In the most advanced countries, child mortality and adult mortality under age 65 years have fallen so low that further improvement in life expectancy relies almost completely on the decline of mortality at older ages. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced among women, who are far ahead of men in survival rates. Thus, to project the future of life expectancy, this study focuses on trends in female life expectancy at ages 65 and older. Four countries are selected for this analysis: the United States, Netherlands, France, and Japan. It is particularly interesting to understand why American and Dutch trends in female old‐age mortality have been diverging from those in France and Japan for two decades. It is shown here that most of the divergence derives from the fact that decline in cardiovascular mortality is more and more offset by increases in other causes of death in the United States and the Netherlands, while the other two countries are more successful in reducing mortality from all causes at increasingly older ages. This latter phenomenon could represent a new stage of the health transition. 相似文献
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The concept of strategic control as described by the authors [8] partitions the decision horizon of the firm into two segments. In the long term, information is not precise, goals are vague and constraints are unclear. The problem for the firm is, in spite of this ambiguity, to establish a development window at the beginning of this period that reflects long-run factors and can serve as a guide for short-term behaviour. In the short run, information is precise enough for conventional mathematical programming models to be used to guide attainment of the development window. This paper presents an analytic model that solves the long-run problem defined by the strategic control framework and generates the required development window. A numerical example is presented for illustrative purposes. 相似文献
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Erik Klijzing Jacques Siegers Nico Keilman Loek Groot 《Revue europeenne de demographie》1988,4(2):97-116
Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between female labour-force participation and fertility. In theory, there could be three explanations of this finding: (i) causality runs from labour-force participation to fertility, (ii) causality runs from fertility to labour-force participation, (iii) causality runs both ways. Alternatively, the relationship may not be a causal one. In practice, empirical studies covering a wide range of Western countries at different times, and utilizing a great variety of methods and techniques, have shown all four possibilities to be plausible. This may be because outcomes differ from country to country for socio-cultural reasons, or from period to period for historical ones. If so, applying various methodologies to data for one country at a particular point in time should yield consistent results that all point in one direction only. If they did not outcomes would appear to be method-dependent. The single data set used in this study refers to the Netherlands in 1984 (ORIN project). The relationship between fertility and labour-force participation in this data set is investigated by means of three methodologies, ranging from ‘static’ to ‘dynamic’, i.e., differing according to the degree in which they take the temporal aspects of the decision-making process underlying this relationship into account: simultaneous logit analysis, Granger analysis and Markov analysis. Each main approach is applied in two different ways or on two different subgroups, for a total of six applications. In spite of diverging operationalizations of the basic variables, it turns out that four of these six analyses favour the inference that fertility decisions do have an impact on labour force participation decisions but not the other way around, whereas the other two confirm earlier findings (from data sets collected during the 1970s) that the relationship is reciprocal. Substantively, this might indicate that the pattern of covariance is changing. But ‘static’ simultaneous logit analysis is the only method to consistently point at this causal unidirectionality, while outcomes from Granger and Markov analysis depend on the modality applied. Methodologically, this means that the issue of method-dependency, at least in this area, remains largely unresolved. 相似文献