Female board directors' resilience against gender discrimination

Despite regulatory efforts to promote gender diversity on boards, women are still severely underrepresented in board leadership in the UK, beyond FTSE 100 companies. Evidence suggests that women, when poorly represented in the workplace, are more likely to suffer discrimination. In this study, we report the first-hand experiences of gender discrimination suffered by female directors and present the process of how they build resilience through developing coping strategies. Such resilience-building processes seem to vary with the length of board experience of female directors. At the outset of their board journey, they adopt avoidant coping strategies of denial and disengagement. However, with experience in boards, they gain the confidence to pursue the active coping strategy of seeking and extending support. This qualitative study is based on 42 elite interviews of board directors and is guided by the resilience theory, in the context of top FTSE boards. The article also discusses the contribution of the study to theory, praxis, and policy.     

驱动企业持续成长的关键

有些企业所处的行业在很多人眼里看来毫无希望, 它们为何获得了高速增长? 我和学生曾对全球市值超过10亿美元的企业做过一项调查。我们发现,在美国企业中,只有583个公司达到5％的年增长率;而美国以外的公司,达到5％增长率的只有 348家。看来,企业可持续成长真的是一件很难的事情。有些公司会利用收购或者重组来获得增长,但也有些公司能够脱离这种常规的模式,而且他们所处的行业都是人们觉得毫无希望、不能继续增长的成熟行业。这些案例让我们深思:驱动企业持续成长的关键因素到底是什么?     

Comparison of bootstrap estimation intervals to forecast arithmetic mean and median air passenger demand

The aim of this paper is to compare passenger (pax) demand between airports based on the arithmetic mean (MPD) and the median pax demand (MePD). A three phases approach is applied. First phase, we use bootstrap procedures to estimate the distribution of the arithmetic MPD and the MePD for each block of routes distance; second phase, we use percentile, standard, bias corrected, and bias corrected accelerated methods to calculate bootstrap confidence bands for the MPD and the MePD; and third phase, we implement Monte Carlo (MC) experiments to analyse the finite sample performance of the applied bootstrap. Our results conclude that it is more meaningful to use the estimation of MePD rather than the estimation of MPD in the air transport industry. By carrying out MC experiments, we demonstrate that the bootstrap methods produce coverages close to the nominal for the MPD and the MePD.     

Perceptual,Attitudinal, and Behavioral Outcomes of Organization–Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites

This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that not only measures public engagement with corporate pages on social networking sites, but also evaluates the influence of such engagement on important perceptual, relational, and behavioral outcomes. Study results provide empirical evidence of the positive effects of public engagement on perceived corporate authenticity, organizational transparency, organization–public relationships, and public advocacy. Findings underscore the importance of public engagement via social media on enhancing perceived corporate transparency and authenticity, and thereby cultivating strong relationships. Additionally, organization–public relationships emerged as a deciding factor driving the effects of public engagement on advocacy behaviors.     

Networking Modes and Performance in Israel's Nonprofit Organizations

The present article examines the relationship between networking modes and performance for 138 nonprofits in Israel. We draw upon the bridging and bonding concepts and social exchange theory and introduce the sharing and consulting networking modes to predict performance in terms of organizational growth in resources. We suggest that differences in networking modes (1) reflect variations in organizational size and age and (2) affect organizational growth in resources. We show that (1) the consulting networking mode is more frequent among managers of smaller and younger nonprofits, (2) sharing is characteristic of managers in older and larger nonprofits, (3) sharing has a strong effect on organizational growth, and (4) the sharing and consulting modes are better predictors of organizational performance than those of bonding and bridging. The results indicate that nonprofit growth in organizational resources is possible with networking when managers aspire to higher involvement in the networking process due to the scope and extent of goals.     

Women against the state: Political opportunities and collective action frames in chile's transition to democracy

While transitions to democracy have been hailed as the most important phenomena of this century, few scholars understand the role that women have played in these metamorphoses. This article uses an historical in-depth case study to examine how and why women mobilized against the state in Chile. Previous social movement theories have not attended adequately to cultural and ideational elements (e.g., gender ideology), much less these factors in the Third World and authoritarian context. In contrast, the present study modifies and extends the concepts of political opportunity structure and collective action frames, suggesting that the manner in which ideology and cultural themes are framed may provide opportunities for protest, especially in the authoritarian context. Specifically, the rise and fall of broader mobilizational frames or master frames shapes how movement-specific frames compete, decay, and transform, as some master frames create space for certain ideas (e.g., feminism) while others do not. New hypotheses regarding the use of collective action frames in a nondemocratic setting are offered.This article was presented at the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Miami, Florida, August 1993.     

A narrative review of interventions addressing the parental–fetal relationship

Background

Expectant parents develop varying degrees of emotional affiliation with the unborn child. Interventions supporting this relationship may be beneficial given its link to maternal health behaviour during pregnancy, as well as the parental–infant bond after birth.