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991.
992.
This study aims at ascertaining how Hong Kong people perceive Hong Kong as a harmonious society. It also identifies the elements
that are most conducive to social harmony in Hong Kong, so that the government could take reference when formulating new policies.
1,062 adults residents were asked to rate their perceived level of social harmony and their satisfaction with 36 items (divided
into three dimensions: public governance, society, and economy, family and work) for which the research team believes would
be influencing the perceived level of social harmony. Results show that the average rating of social harmony was 5.57 (out
of 10), delineating a moderate level of social harmony. Subsequent multivariate factor analysis and regression analysis show
that the four extracted factors (from the three dimensions) had significant impacts on the level of social harmony. These
were, in order of significance: (a) public governance, (b) social solidarity and respect, (c) economy/family/work and, (d)
social tolerance and progressiveness. According to the factor loadings of each significant factor, we identified four core
values which we hope the government would consider when formulating new policies, as follows: (1) A Justice Government with
Sincerity on Communication, (2) Mutual Support and Respect with Integrity and Dedication, (3) Dedication to One’s Job and
Community by Helping the Needed and, (4) Creativity and Progressiveness with Tolerance. Implications for policy making are
discussed.
The study was conducted under the direction and guidance of the Fostering Social Harmony Task Force of the Hong Kong Professionals
and Senior Executives Association (HKPASEA). The authors acknowledge the kind support and assistance provided by the Council
Members of HKPASEA and staff members of the Centre for Corporate Governance and Financial Policy at Hong Kong Baptist University.
We are also grateful to Prof. Alex Michalos and Prof. P. K. Ip for their comments and suggestions given at the International
Conference on National Well-Being held in November 2006 at the National Central University, Taiwan. 相似文献
993.
994.
Vincent Anesi 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(2):197-219
Most political and economic theorists point to moral hazard in teams as the main obstacle to lobbies’ collective action. In
this paper, we address this important issue with a coalition-formation game. In the process of doing so, we characterize equilibrium
lobby structures both in the absence and in the presence of moral hazard. Three notable results emerge from such an exercise:
(1) an equilibrium lobby structure exists under both specifications of the model, (2) moral hazard in teams may raise large
groups’ equilibrium lobby size, and (3) it may also raise the level of collective action of large groups with low organizational
costs.
I wish to express my appreciation to Helmuth Cremer, Philippe De Donder, Kai A. Konrad, Michel Le Breton, Daniel Seidmann,
Shlomo Weber, an associate editor of this journal and a referee for valuable comments and suggestions. I am also grateful
to Paul Belleflamme, Francis Bloch, Robert Dur, Joan Esteban, Debraj Ray, and the audience at the CESifo Area Conference on
Public Sector Economics 2006 and at the 15th Aix-Marseille SSIEIO for helpful discussions. 相似文献
995.
996.
Quality of life (QOL) has become an important component of health. By using the methodology of psychometric theory, we examine
the item properties of the WHOQOL-BRIEF. Samejima’s graded response model with natural metrics of the logistic response function
was fitted. The results showed items with negative natures were less discriminating. Items written in a specific way were
more suitable to assess certain subgroups. The national items showed variation in discriminatory power. Questions measuring
objective and specific issues performed worse than items assessing general aspects of the QOL. 相似文献
997.
In this article, we analyze mortality rates of Finns born in areas that were ceded to the Soviet Union after World War II
and from which the entire population was evacuated. These internally displaced persons are observed during the period 1971-2004
and compared with people born in the same region but on the adjacent side of the new border. We find that in the 1970s and
1980s, the forced migrants had mortality rates that were on par with those of people in the comparison group. In the late
1980s, the mortality risk of internally displaced men increased by 20% in relation to the expected time trend. This deviation,
which manifests particularly in cardiovascular mortality, coincides with perestroika and the demise of the Soviet Union, which
were events that resulted in an intense debate in civil society about restitution of the ceded areas. Because state actors
were reluctant to engage, the debate declined after some few years, and after the mid-1990s, the death risk again approached
the long-term trend. Our findings indicate that when internally displaced persons must adjust to situations for which appropriate
coping behaviors are unknown, psychosocial stress might arise several decades after their evacuation. 相似文献
998.
The study explores and distinguishes links between parental status (childless persons, parents with residential children,
and empty nest parents) and a range of psychological well-being outcomes in midlife and old age. Data are from the first wave
of the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation (NorLAG) study (n = 5,189). We separate outcomes into cognitive (life satisfaction and self-esteem) and affective (positive and negative affect,
depression, loneliness) components. Parental status has a net effect on cognitive well-being among women, as childless women
report significantly lower life satisfaction and self-esteem than both mothers with residential children and empty nest mothers.
However, motherhood is inconsequential for affective well-being. Among men, parental status is unrelated to any of the well-being
aspects. Parental status effects are not modified by age, marital status, and education. The results demonstrate the importance
of investigating the effect of parental status and other objective circumstances on a range of psychological well-being outcomes.
Furthermore, the results reviewed and presented indicate somewhat more positive effects of parenthood in the Nordic countries
than in the US, highlighting the role of social policies in shaping the impact of parental status on well-being. 相似文献
999.
Lareen A. Newman 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(5):661-691
This article details family size differences by socio-economic area in metropolitan South Australia and suggests that these
differences may be linked to cultural differences in parenting confidence and skills, and in social supports for parenting.
The paper analyses Census data on average completed family size and family size distribution in six different areas. In all
age groups this shows a negative correlation between family size and the socio-economic status of the area. Secondly, based
on analysis of interview data with 38 mothers and 24 fathers and a small survey of 44 parents-to-be, the article suggests
that the quantitative patterns may partly reflect differences in the proportions of people in each area who see being parents
and having larger families as desirable and achievable undertakings for which they have the requisite personal skills and
social supports to minimise adverse impacts on their own parental health and lifestyle. The article concludes by hypothesising
that differential fertility levels between groups or areas partly reflect differences in levels of confidence, skills and
social support for parenting, and that a cultural “crisis in parenthood” as well as a greater focus on intensive parenting
may be more widespread in higher status groups which is reflected in their lower fertility. 相似文献
1000.
Jonathan Gershuny 《Social indicators research》2009,93(1):37-45
This paper explores the historical change in the work-leisure balance using time-diary evidence. Much of the recent discussion
of this balance in the developed world has focused on paid work alone. What follows takes a different approach, considering
the balance of all work time (paid plus unpaid) against leisure time and observes a tendency over recent decades for leisure to decline relative
to work in this broad sense. Much is changing, in employment, family and consumption terms over this period. One possibility
is that the relative increase in work time reflects the reversal of the status/leisure gradient: the financially privileged
classes, which once had more leisure than others, now have less. But the paper closes with the speculation that this increase
in work time for both men and women may be indirectly connected with the phenomenon of the women’s “dual burden”, via an unconsidered
but nevertheless important principle of fairness in the distribution of work within households. 相似文献