Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Amplification of Risk

Accidents in the chemical industry, such as those that took place in Seveso (1976) and Bhopal (1984), may kill or injure thousands of people, cause serious health hazards and irreversible environmental damage. The aim of this paper is to examine the ever-increasing risk of similar accidents becoming a frequent ocurrence in the so-called industrializing countries. Using figures from some of the worst chemical accidents in the last decades, data on the Bhopal disaster, and Brazil's social and institutional characteristics, we put forward the hypothesis that present social, political and economic structures in industrializing countries make these countries much more vulnerable to such accidents and create the type of setting where–if and when these accidents occur–they will have even more catastrophic consequences. The authors argue that only the transformation of local structures, and stronger technical cooperation between international organizations, industrialized and industrializing countries could reduce this vulnerability.     

Specific relationships between psychosocial job conditions and job-related stress: A three-level analytic approach

This cross-sectional questionnaire study presents a multi-level analysis on 2565 workers in 188 departments in 36 organizations in the Netherlands. A three-level model is used in which individual workers are nested within departments, which in turn are nested within organizations. Research questions concern (1) the amount and distribution of variance in job-related stress explained for the three levels in the study (individuals, departments, organizations), and (2) the specificity of relationships between psychosocial job demands and job-related stress in the three-level model. Well-being showed slightly more raw variance to be explained at supra-individual levels than strain. The full regression model explained about 35% of the total variance in both work-related strain and well-being. Psychosocial job conditions did not exceed the expected amount of 10 to 15% contribution to this explained variance. These results do not differ from comparable studies that do not use multi-level analysis. The variance distribution in the full model, however, showed unexplained variance to be located at the individual level for both strain and well-being, and at the departmental level only for well-being. This last finding shows a direction for possible improvement of work stress models. Specificity of relationships was also shown: psychological job demands were more strongly related to strain, whereas job content variables (i.e. job variety, job control) were more strongly related to well-being. Results also suggested that social support was more strongly associated with well-being than with strain. Well-being appeared to have a more widely varying range of predictors than strain.     

Ergebnisse der Mediengewaltforschung: Überblick und Probleme

Results of media violence research: Overview and problemsOn the basis of massive acts of violence of children and young people the question arises to what extent the media make a contribution to these incidents. The results of empirical media research about the effects of the consumption of violence representations in the media are collected. As the basis for the argumentation predominantly the existing metaanalysis in the international research literature were used; with these can be convincingly argued against those theses, put again and again into the public in order to weaken the importance of medium influence. The theses set up in the public discourse are arranged thereby in the sense of an ?encyclopaedia of popular mistakes“, which are analyzed critically and disproved.On the basis of a multifactor model about the emergence of acts of violence the ways of how medium representations can affect behaviour are delineated. The view presented actually in the empirical media research corresponds neither to the frequently postulated and roughly simplifying imitation thesis, still to the simple stimulus-reaction hypothesis. However, in the public discussion these and other simplifying assumptions are reiterated again and again in order to diminish the responsibility of the media. It is also to be considered that subjective evidences, after which such effects are denied, are even explanation-needy facts, which since a long time are well documented in the social-psychological research as ?Third person effect“. Additionally suggestions are made, which measures within the diverse social fields against the media flood and its effects are to be taken.     

Unterschiede zwischen Coaching und Psychotherapie

Differences between coaching and psychotherapyCoaching is not a hidden psychotherapy with managers, though the methods are similar. Unlike psychotherapy, coaching mainly refers to the professional context, it requires normal capacities of self regulation and addresses to managers. A coach cannot take the place of a psychotherapist, and therapists cannot do the work of a coach without a respective education and role definition. The author describes these and other differences.     

Verstehen als Grundlage supervisionsgeleiteter Veränderung Individualpsychologische Gruppensupervision mit Lehrer/innen

Understanding as basics of change processes by supervision. Individualpsychological group supervision with teachersThe author delineates the concept of the individualpsychological supervision, its theoretical background, the main topics and the detailed procedure. This article firstly discusses the goals and the task of the depth psychological founded approach. The individualpsychological work is described in process and explained by an example. The main item of the individualpsychological procedure is explained by analysing and working on the lifestyle and embedded in a model. Hereby teachers are helped to achieve new pattern of thought and of action by sensitive understanding concerning the field of school.     

Teamsupervision in psychiatrischen Teams — eine empirische Studie

Team-supervision in psychiatry — an empirical studyContinuing the discussion about the range of supervision in organisations, this paper presents an empirical study on team-supervision in psychiatry. The investigation is based on extended interviews with supervising and supervised persons in order to identify specific interpretations of supervision and to ascertain the transfer ranges of the supervision results. The paper concentrates on the hierarchical constitution of psychiatric team treatment, and the structural problems connected therewith. Team-supervision in psychiatry proves to be an ambivalent undertaking, rich in presuppositions, that offers specific advantages, but also carries high risks.     

Die Differenzen zwischen Supervision und Coaching

The difference between supervision and coachingThe difference between supervision and coaching This article discusses the difference between coaching and supervision. There are three relevant points: (1) Supervision and coaching deal with different groups in the organisations; (2) coaching is more personal development, supervision more for the self experience; (3) Supervision is change from the bottom and coaching change from the top.     

日语的“时”的语法范畴

“时”是重要的语法范畴之一。传统的日本学校语法只是研究助动词た ,有其不科学性的表现。尤其是相对时间的研究和从句时间的研究还很不彻底。从不同的语言环境 ,即句子的不同类型着眼来分析日语的时间表现 ,不失为新的研究方式之一。