Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social benefits of water and sanitation projects in Northern Colombia: Cost‐Benefit Analysis,the Water Poverty Index and beyond

Water, and Sanitation projects play an important role in alleviating water‐related poverty in developing countries. There are several methodologies that will not only assess the performance of these projects but will also help to better identify the problem and its characteristics, and to improve the efficiency of the investment. The Water Poverty Index is one of them. It is a very useful tool that helps to measure water stress at the household level in a holistic way, and to identify priorities. It is important, however, to complement it with a Cost‐Benefit Analysis that will take into account the costs of the project. A case study in Northern Colombia illustrates this point.     

Constrained production lot-size model with trade-credit policy: 'A comparison geometric programming approach via Lagrange'

In this paper our main objective is to investigate a deterministic inventory production lot-size model with a permissible delay in payment under a restriction. We analyse our deterministic inventory model under a restriction which will be assumed as the average inventory level. In fact we use in our analysis two approaches: the geometric programming approach; and the Lagrange method. Then a comparison between these two approaches is performed, which is our aim. Finally we deduce some previously published works of other researchers as special cases.     

经济分析法学的几个基本概念阐释

本文结合微观经济学理论,通过对科斯、波斯纳等为代表的经济分析法学原理的分析,认为交易成本、最大化、均衡、效率是法律的经济分析中涉及的最基本的概念。本文对这几个基本概念在微观经济学和法律的经济分析中的内涵和作用进行了阐释和分析。本文指出,没有交易成本概念就不会有经济分析法学,“最大化”、“经济人”是对法律进行经济分析的前提假设,均衡分析是理性选择理论分析决策人之间关系的基本方法,博弈论是分析法律等非市场制度和非充分竞争市场的恰当工具,效率是经济分析法学的最终指向。     

跨国公司的边界与规模：基于交易成本的分析

在回顾和分析企业边界与规模以及跨国公司相关理论的基础上，运用交易成本概念从静态与动态两方面对跨国公司的边界与规模进行了探讨。从静态方面分析了跨国公司的内部交易成本和外部交易成本，讨论了跨国公司边界与规模的确定；从动态方面分析了静态交易成本理论的局限性，结合企业能力理论探讨了跨国公司边界与规模的动态性。     

战略柔性的增强途径

战略柔性是企业以内部结构的可调整性和变革性应对环境变化的能力。企业要根据外部环境以及内部结构特征,确定适合本企业的战略柔性增强途径:以外部环境的不确定性为导向,以影响柔性因素的内部结构体系为基础,以结构调整的变革成本为依据,从降低变革成本的因素中归纳出有效的增强途径。     

The use of savings as a family resource management strategy to meet child rearing costs

This study examines the effect of children on family savings decisions over the life cycle. The model used is a multinomial logit budget share allocation model. The data are from the 1982 Canadian Family Expenditure Survey Data. Results indicate that the addition of a child to a family results in fewer assets being accumulated than if the child was not present. As much as 43% of direct child rearing costs may be met through this substitution out of future consumption. Closer analysis reveals that accrual of housing equity is relatively unaffected by child's presence and that substitutions occur primarily out of other types of savings instruments.The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant #1498-85-0005), the Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison and the College of Home Economics, University of Saskatchewan. However, all opinions expressed are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of our sponsors. Special thanks is due Susan Bruns for outstanding research and computer programming assistance. The authors accept responsibility for any errors or omissions. All correspondence should be directed to Prof. Douthitt at 1300 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.Robin A. Douthitt received her Ph.D. from Cornell University. She is an Associate Professor, Department of Consumer Science and the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Her research interests include the relationship between child support awards and child rearing costs, and family time use.Joanne M. Fedyk received her M.S. from the University of Saskatchewan. She is currently an Assistant Professor in the College of Home Economics, University of Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada. Her research interests include both the cost of raising children and the valuation of homemaking services.     

Multi-phase sampling under cost constraints

Multi-phase sampling (M-PhS) scheme is useful when the interest is in the estimation of the population mean of an expensive variable strictly connected with other cheaper (auxiliary) variables. The MSE is an accuracy measure of an estimator. Usually it decreases as the sample size increases. In practice the sample size cannot become arbitrarily large for possible cost constraints. From a practical point of view it would be useful to know the sample sizes which guarantee the best accuracy of the estimates for fixed costs. These “optimum” sample sizes can be, in some cases, computable but not admissible. In other cases, they can be neither admissible nor computable. The main goal of this paper is to propose a solution for both these situations. It will be clear that in both situations the solution is to consider a M-PhS scheme with one or more phases less.     

加入WTO我国工程造价管理的改革和发展

加入WTO后我国工程造价从计价方式到管理模式都必须进行根本性的改革。改革的治本之策是按照市场价值规律发挥“竞争”和“价格”的作用 ,要建立政府宏观调控 ,部门动态监管 ,企业自主报价的运行机制。引进国际惯例 ,推行“工程量清单计价” ,以市场形成价格 ,是改革的根本方向     

环境保护综合措施的探讨

简述了我国市场经济条件下环境保护的特点,对限制措施和利益机制的效果及相互作用进行了图示分析,指出我国的环境治理必须运用法律措施和经济措施进行综合整治。并提出了运用法律措施和经济措施调控环境的一些基本思路和方法。