从文化生态学角度解读《诗经·国风》中的桑意象

在现有的《诗经·国风》"桑意象"研究文献的基础上,利用文化生态理论来剖析"桑意象"所具有重要的理论和实践意义.以文化生态学为理论指导,试图揭示《诗经·国风》中"桑意象"的文化内涵不断丰富、演变的历史动态过程,认为桑意象的形成、发展和演变的历史轨迹是:桑树—桑女/女子—爱情/母亲—家园.从文化生态理论中关于人、环境和文化的互动交织关系角度,进一步探讨了桑意象演变的文化生态原因,主要包括自然环境、桑树崇拜、土地崇拜、生殖崇拜,另外"桑"与周代人口政策、社会发展密切相关.     

沙打旺当年播种结实试验观察

进行了沙打旺当年播种结实试验，结果表明：当年播种沙打旺，出苗到种子成熟约需140元左右，播种期不能晚于5月上旬，666.7米2可产粒4.2公斤。     

Unmet need for couples: An analytical framework and evaluation with DHS data

While estimates of unmet need continue to be an important measure of the extent of demand for contraception and family planning programs success in developing countries, there are various reservations about the validity of these estimates. For instance, the traditional formulation of the measurement has relied solely on information from women while inferences from the findings are often drawn for couples. As more survey data have become available for both men and women in a number of countries, there is increasing evidence suggesting that husbands' preferences are indeed important determinants of the reproductive behavior of couples. This paper developsan analytical framework for measuring unmet need for couples. The approach: (1) takes a fresh look at the classification of pregnant and amenorrheic women, and (2) incorporates the contraceptive use and fertility preferences of husband and wife in estimating the level of unmet need in six sub-Saharan African countries. Our findings shows that taking these factors into account results in a 50 to 66 percent reduction in the level of unmet need in these countries. The importance of husbands' variables in determining the level of unmet need is clearly evident when examined among fecund couples in which the wife is neither pregnant nor amenorrheic. The implications of these findings for family planning programs and research are discussed.     

“Backslanted X” fertility dynamics and macroeconomics

A large number of pairs of countries exhibit a dynamic pattern in which: (1) Fertility in both countries declines across time; (2) initially, one country has a higher fertility and a lower per-capita income than the other; and (3) in time, as per-capita incomes converge, fertility rates in the poorer country become lower than in the richer one. This article documents the prevalence of such dynamics and offers a theoretical model in which these dynamics emerge endogenously. Assuming differences in the degree of utility substitution between consumption and rearing children across countries generates all three components of these dynamics.

Crisis or Adaptation – Reconsidered: A Comparison of East and West German Fertility Patterns in the First Six Years after the ‘Wende'

Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a crisis andan adaptation to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961–1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West.     

A couple analysis of micro-level supply/demand factors in fertility regulation

Demographic research in developing countries has traditionally neglected the role of male input into reproductive decision making. This has contributed significantly to the general inability to resolve the fertility problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The principal aim of this study is to apply a joint- or couple-model to the analysis of one such population problem in order to illustrate the potential avenues that emerge when the input of male spouses is considered. The 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey is used to examine the need for supply- and demand-side policy in achieving fertility declines. The data indicate that, although there is some evidence of the benefit of family planning programs, it appears that there is much room for further success. Also, there is a strong indication that the demand side of the fertility equation must be addressed more, by tackling the issue of individual motivations, particularly of males, for childbearing.     

Men's attitudes toward parenthood

In recent family literature, men are often characterized as deadbeat dads, with a focus on their lack of involvement, mainly financial but physical and emotional as well. At the same time, there has been little attention paid to how men feel about being parents. This paper examines men's attitudes toward parenthood using data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The results indicate (1) married men are significantly less likely than unmarried men to think that the stress of raising children, the ability to purchase goods, career time, leisure time, and old age security are important considerations in deciding whether or not to have a child; (2) men with higher education are more likely than less educated men to consider time for career and time for leisure and social activities important in making fertility decisions but are less likely to consider having someone to love important; and (3) black and Hispanic men are more likely to place importance on old age security than non-Hispanic white men.     

嘉兴市21世纪初期人口发展预测

基于现行生育政策不变的约束条件 ,采用人口年龄移算法为基础的生育率模型 ,对嘉兴市 2 1世纪初期人口发展趋势与特征进行了预测与分析 ,并探讨了提高计划生育管理水平方面的问题     

中国出口增长的稳定机制与实现途径

中国的出口增长在过去20年中表现出了明显的波动性,出口经常性的大幅波动将不利于我国宏观经济的长期稳定发展,因此有必要建立保持出口中速增长的稳定机制,这一稳定机制既应包括短期的政策性刺激手段,更应侧重于长期的结构性调整,特别的应着力于产品结构、所有制结构和市场结构的调整,应成为建立出口增长稳定机制的主要途径。     

社会主义生育文化建设宜昌模式的基本特征

宜昌市在人口与计划生育工作中 ,将抓社会主义生育文化建设 ,促群众生育观念转变作为治本之路 ,长抓不懈 ,取得突出成效。根据对该市的实地考察 ,较为全面地评析了其工作指导方针、思路、方法、运行机制及成功经验