土地改革、地权的安全性、土地登记：来自西方的视角

文章对现行发展中国家（主要是非洲、拉美、亚洲和东欧部分地区）土地改革政策进行分析。土地改革在这些国家主要由两个部分组成：针对土地过度集中问题而实施的重新分配和土地权利的确权及登记。土地登记是西方捐助国、国际金融机构、非政府组织、学术界所推崇的土地改革方法。文章对土地登记和确权的三个核心概念——地权的安全性、赋权和习惯法进行深入研究，希望对国内相关研究有所裨益。     

他者之域：和解的希望——《耻》的后殖民解读

民族、身份认同以及主体与他者的关系问题是后殖民理论中所探讨的重要课题。从后殖民的角度解读了南非作家J.M.库切的小说《耻》。分析了后殖民时期南非白人主体地位衰落以及被边缘化、客体化,丧失身份认同感的状况;阐释了强暴所隐喻的深刻意蕴,即作为抵抗话语的强暴只是殖民压迫的复制,是殖民权力的颠倒;探讨了作品所揭示的后殖民时期非殖民化进程中宽容、和解、和谐共存的理念及其深远意义。     

Household Structure and Living Conditions in Nigeria

Data on 7,632 households from the 1999 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey are used to examine household structure and living conditions in Nigeria. The study finds significant disadvantage in living conditions of single‐adult, female‐ and single‐adult, male‐headed households relative to two‐parent households. Extended households show no significant advantage in living conditions over two‐parent households if headed by women but are consistently advantaged if headed by men. Although extended households do not entirely wipe out the disadvantage of female headship on household living conditions, they show a significant mitigating potential. Efforts to understand and alleviate poverty in Nigeria may need to address simultaneously gender imbalances in access to livelihood opportunities and factors that foster nucleation of family structure into single‐adult households.     

Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and testing behavior in Africa: how much and for whom?

Demographic and Health Survey data from nine African countries make it clear that HIV/AIDS prevention knowledge has been increasing. Still, in many cases, fewer than half of adult respondents can identify specific prevention behaviors. Knowledge is lowest in rural areas and among women. HIV testing generally remains rare but is highly variable across countries, likely reflecting differences in the supply of testing services. In most cases, schooling and wealth impacts on prevention knowledge have either been stable or have increased; hence, in the majority of contexts, initial disparities in knowledge by education and wealth levels have persisted or widened.

Patterns of Giving in South Africa

Abstact This paper reflects on the results of a national quantitative survey on giving in South Africa. It explores the extent and character of giving; who gives, to whom, with what intention? The survey results revealed that South Africa is richly resourced with a diverse and multicultural spectrum of giving behaviors, which are commonplace in everyday life. The spectrum of giving behaviors is so diverse in shape and form that it contradicts many of the basic assumptions of the philanthropic literature, which locate the act of giving primarily in the domain of the wealthy and powerful.     

Household expenditure patterns and resource pooling: evidence of changes in post-apartheid South Africa

The primary aim of this paper is to examine whether resources accruing to different members of the household and from different sources have differential impacts on household expenditure patterns. The issue is of considerable policy interest for, if the identity of the income recipient does matter in the household’s expenditure decisions, then it indicates the usefulness of targeting income assistance at particular members of the household. The South African evidence is generally supportive of the hypothesis of resource pooling by the income earners in their spending decisions on food, clothing and energy. The results of this paper have been placed in the wider context of social, political and economic developments following the end of apartheid that have caused significant changes in the nature of resource inflow and in the balance of power in decision making within the South African household. The results are indicative of improvements in the standard of living of the majority of South Africans following the end of apartheid.

14至18世纪中古后期至近代早期西非社会演进与当地伊斯兰化进程间的关系

14至18世纪西非经历了帝国的瓦解,国家和社会重新整合的历史过程。在行政机构、经济运作方式、宗教、文化等方面都有了新的发展。中央集权化趋势成为国家政治发展方面的主流,经济、贸易活动的形式更加丰富多样。与此相对应,伊斯兰教和当地传统宗教文化也都有了很大的发展,其中伊斯兰教的发展对西非日后的历史进程影响更加深远。在没有官方支持的情况下,伊斯兰教注重向民间社会的渗透,教团组织开始普及,并在随后与苏菲主义合流,形成了苏菲主义教团,建立起了自己的社会、经济基础,当地伊斯兰文化得到了整理和发展,教士们提出了针对社会问题的改革主张,并在上几内亚地区付诸行动,从理论和实践上为未来的西非历史进程奠定了基础。     

Sociolinguistics and modes of social class signalling: African perspectives

The paper evaluates spatial, behavioural, and material signalling of social class in African contexts, focusing on Kenya and Zambia. In particular, it draws on notions of mode of class signalling and intersectionality and a vignette of an interaction between urban‐based Western educated development agents and local participants in rural Kenya to illustrate how social class is implicated in interactions. The paper shows how significant features of class and dimensions of social inequality may be perceived intersectionally so that positionalities in class structures are negotiated in contexts of interaction, thus illustrating how structural conditions of class may be challenged and questioned. The paper concludes that sociolinguistics needs to identify the various ways in which the marginalized challenge social structures of inequality. Otherwise there is a risk that sociolinguistics will work to validate inequalities as permanent and fixed, and victims of unequal treatment as permanently condemned and never able to rise against oppressive social structures that tyrannize them.     

Alcohol consumption among undergraduate social work students at a South African university

ABSTRACT

Alcohol consumption among tertiary level students is a public health problem that can adversely affect students’ performance at university. This study therefore investigated the drinking patterns; reasons for drinking; and the perceived impact of drinking on academic performance of undergraduate social work students at a South African university. Of the 145 students who completed a group administered survey questionnaire, 88% reported using alcohol mainly for social purposes and enjoyment, with two-fifths admitting to participating in binge drinking. Despite these findings, a high proportion (78%) reported not performing poorly on a test or exam due to alcohol consumption in the preceding 12 months. Recommendations are provided for the education and support of social work students as future healthcare professionals.