Sanctioning as a social norm: Expectations of non-strategic sanctioning in a public goods game experiment

Sanctioning increases cooperation in public goods games, but not indiscriminately under all conditions and in all societies, and the mechanisms by which sanctioning exercises its impact on behavior are yet to be studied in detail. We show experimentally that in the presence of sanctioning, our experimental subjects adjust their behavior in order to avoid being a free rider. They do this not only in the STANDARD sanctions treatment, where they directly experience any sanctions assigned to them, but also in our main treatment, the SECRET sanctions treatment, where no information on sanctions received is available until the end of the experiment. We observe no such free riding avoidance in the treatment without sanctioning. The mere knowledge that sanctions might be assigned increases cooperation among the members of our subject pool; subjects expect that non-strategic sanctioning occurs against the free riders. Moreover, these expectations are correct as we observe a similar pattern and extent of sanctioning in both treatments. We propose that sanctioning in itself is a social norm and may be culturally dependent, as suggested in the literature.     

光纤通信系统中的帧同步捕捉时间

对帧同步系统的捕捉过程进行了分析,推导了在随机起始条件下捕捉时间的概率分布函数.对采用 mB1H 码的光纤三次群通信系统中两种帧同步方案捕捉时间的概率分布进行了计算与比较.     

On Christensen's conjecture

In this paper we give solution to a conjecture appearing in Christensen (1997, p. 360) in relation to the definitions of standardized residuals in loglinear models. Work done when he was visiting as the Distinguished Lukacs Professor on leave from the Complutense University of Madrid. An erratum to this article is available at .     

A multivariate version of Gini's rank association coefficient

In this paper, we introduce a multivariate generalization of the population version of Gini's rank association coefficient, giving a response to this open question posed in [4]. We also study some properties of this version, present the corresponding results for the sample statistic, and provide several examples.     

Considerations on group-wise identical designs for linear mixed models

We consider a general class of mixed models, where the individual parameter vector is composed of a linear function of the population parameter vector plus an individual random effects vector. The linear function can vary for the different individuals. We show that the search for optimal designs for the estimation of the population parameter vector can be restricted to the class of group-wise identical designs, i.e., for each of the groups defined by the different linear functions only one individual elementary design has to be optimized. A way to apply the result to non-linear mixed models is described.     

制革铬鞣废水中铬(Ⅲ)的治理和回收利用

采用沉淀－双氧水氧化法，对制革铬鞣废水中铬（Ⅲ）的治理和回收利用进行了研究．该法对铬（Ⅲ）的回收率可达９２％，处理后废水澄清，无色，无味，稳定，ｐＨ值８～８．５．     

H2O2与UV／TiO2协同体系光催化降解酸性品红的研究

采用高压汞灯为光源，考察了H2O2与UV／TiO2协同体系对酸性品红的降解效果。结果表明：H2O2提高了UV／TiO2光催化降解酸性品红的速率。同时，研究了影响纳米TiO2光催化降解酸性品红的主要影响因素。实验结果表明：初始PH值等于7时，光催化效率最佳；随着初始浓度的增加光催化降解效率降低；TiO2的最佳用量为0．2g/L。     

夹具浮动介质的选择原则

根据外现形态对浮动介质进行分类,对各自的性能特点进行了分析比较,较系统地总结了浮动介质的选择原则.     

论张学良在西安事变和平解决中的地位和作用

西安事变的和平解决是促成蒋介石接受张、杨及中共抗日思想的关键.西安事变能够和平解决,真正起决定作用的是事变的主角张学良.在整个西安事变的发展过程中,张学良不仅是和平解决事变的倡导者,还是促进西安事变和平解决的实施者,张学良作为西安事变和平解决的主体地位以及发挥出的决定性作用,是应该给予充分肯定的.     

唯美主义与同性恋视野中的王尔德

国内对奥斯卡.王尔德的研究集中在他的唯美主义观和戏剧方面,而对其蕴涵的同性恋倾向和寓意往往是批评性地一笔带过。在王尔德的《W.H.先生的肖像》和《道连.格雷的画像》中,可以看出:前者是王尔德对同性恋历史的追溯和对莎翁十四行诗中隐含同性恋内涵的证实;后者表征了王尔德对同性恋的困惑和探索以及在同性恋视野中王尔德的人生底蕴和美学观。