Intergenerational Interactions Occurring Within a Shared Reading Program

Abstract

In the following exploratory study the interaction patterns of 4 parent readers and 4 senior readers were investigated using grounded theory methodology during an intergenerational shared book reading program involving 16, 5 and 6 year old children.¹ Data were collected during pilot, pre-program, program, and post-program conditions using open, axial and selective coding procedures leading to the identification of provisional categories and the central phenomenon of scaffolding. Scaffolding was defined as a query and response pattern initiated by the adult, and used to direct the child's focus of attention during the literacy act. This took place as part of a transactional process where the elements of (a) the book being read, (b) the child and (c) the volunteer reader were found to mutually condition each other. The qualities that the reader brought to the transaction tended to differ when comparing senior and parent readers. The main differences observed occurred in three clusters of (a) Timing, Responsiveness, and Pace, (b) Use of Expression, Colloquialisms, Articulationand (c) Gestures, Feedback Methodsand Range of Strategies. Within these categories, the pace of the senior readers was found to be slower than that of the parent aged readers. The senior readers also tended to use distinct pronunciation and did not use colloquialisms. They were also more inclined to use a wider range of supportive strategies. Both the senior readers and the parent readers were unaware of most of the strategies that they used to support the children. Further research on the question of the transactional process and the qualities brought to the shared reading experience by senior volunteer readers is required. Replication of the present study is suggested across a variety of conditions with different types volunteer readers and children.     

知识共享机制的构建与推进——知识共享在香港

知识共享是在反版权的浪潮中产生的.近年来,各司法管辖区域都在引入知识共享许可协议,香港的知识共享计划已于2008年11月开始推广.在分析了知识共享产生的历史背景的基础上,重点阐述了知识共享组织和知识共享许可协议、香港知识共享机制的构建以及知识共享在香港推进的优势和难点.     

Attachment Representations and Time Perspective in Adolescence

This study examines the relationship between attachment to parents and peers, time perspective and psychological adjustment in adolescence. 2,665 adolescents (M age = 17.03 years, SD = 1.48) completed self-report measures about parent and peer attachment, time perspective, sympathy and self-determination. Subjects were divided into four groups based on their parent and peer attachment scores: high parent and high peer attachment, low peer and low parent, high parent and low peer, low parent and high peer. Higher levels of negative past of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory were revealed, by post hoc analyses, in the group with low attachment to parent and peer. Unlike adolescents with low attachment to parents, adolescents who reported a secure attachment to parents had higher scores on positive past, hedonistic present, and future. Adolescents with high attachment to parent and peer and adolescents with high parent but low peer attachment had the highest scores on competence and authonomy.     

90年代俄罗斯家庭结构和单亲家庭状况分析

进入２０世纪９０年代,伴随着俄罗斯经济的变更,以姻亲关系为基础的家庭结构出现了松散化的趋势,离婚人数和单亲家庭剧增。导致单亲家庭增长的主要原因是两性行为和生育行为的变化,传统和积淀的变化。此种现象已引起了俄罗斯学者和社会的广泛重视。     

Evaluating Parents in Partnership: A Preliminary Study of a Child Welfare Intervention Designed to Increase Reunification

Child welfare systems struggle with how best to accomplish reunification for children who have been removed from their home due to child maltreatment. Parent mentor programs may facilitate the reunification process. In these programs, parents who have successfully reunified with their children after child welfare involvement provide support and guidance for parents currently navigating the system. The current study examines (a) whether distance was a barrier to participation in orientation of a parent mentor program (called Parents in Partnership [PIP]) for 98 parents involved with the child welfare system and (b) whether participation affected reunification outcomes for 73 parents. Logistic regression models showed parents who lived closer to the PIP orientation location were more likely to participate in the orientation. Further, parents who attended PIP orientation were 5 times more likely to reunify with their children. Parent mentor programs may be one way to increase the likelihood of reunification for families involved in the child welfare system and may increase the engagement of fathers involved with the child welfare system. Future research should examine whether participation in parent mentor programs reduces the length of time children stay in foster care in addition to increasing rates of reunification.     

知识共享机制的构建与推进—知识共享在香港

知识共享是在反版权的浪潮中产生的。近年来，各司法管辖区域都在引入知识共享许可协议，香港的知识共享计划已于2008年11月开始推广。在分析了知识共享产生的历史背景的基础上，重点阐述了知识共享组织和知识共享许可协议、香港知识共享机制的构建以及知识共享在香港推进的优势和难点。     

Parenting Discrepancy and Child Development in Chinese Context

Although parent–child discrepant perception of the family has been increasingly noted in the west, pertinent research is limited in Chinese societies. In addition, prior pertinent studies predominantly treated parent–child discrepant effects as independent of the general and aggregate family context, which are in fact inseparable. Furthermore, these studies tended to either look at the positive side of child outcomes or those negative ones. The present study, based on a community sample of 223 Chinese parent–child dyads, attempted to examine effects of parent–child discrepancy in effective parenting practices on both children’s positive, i.e. self-control and other perspective taking behavior, and negative outcomes, i.e. internalizing and externalizing problems, directly or indirectly through the mediator of children’s self-concept at the aggregate effective parenting context. Results largely support harmful effects of parent–child discrepancy in effective parenting on the child outcomes directly or indirectly through children’s self-concept. Besides, aggregate effective parenting practices are found to robustly contribute to the child outcomes directly and indirectly through children’s self-concept, even taking parent–child discrepant effects into account. What’s more important, the former is significantly moderated by the latter for its effects on the child outcomes, explicating the conditional nature of parent–child discrepant effects on child development. Contributions and implications of the current study applied in Chinese culture as well as future study directions are also discussed.     

Evaluation of Support Groups for Child Abuse Prevention: Outcomes of Four State Evaluations

ABSTRACT

Parent support groups have grown in popularity as a strategy for preventing child maltreatment, but there have been few evaluations of these groups. The purpose of this paper is twofold. One goal is to identify some of the major challenges in the evaluation of parent support groups and to provide strategies for minimizing these potential difficulties. The second goal is to illustrate successful evaluations of parent support groups (i.e., the Circle of Parents® program) in four states. Three of these states used a retrospective pretest method. Outcomes indicated positive performance across all domains of functioning, as measured by a self-report questionnaire. Strengths and limitations of the evaluations are discussed, and recommendations for future evaluations are provided.     

移动通信频率资源的使用成本解析

在许可证制度下,许可证费将对移动服务和移动通信市场结构产生影响。对于我国3G许可证的发放,建议采用评选或招标的发放程序,合理评估频率资源的使用成本,这样将更有利于信息通信业的发展。     

母公司对子公司知识转移的影响因素研究

促进母公司对子公司的知识转移是企业集团保持竞争优势的关键。本文认为母公司对子公司的知识转移过程是互动的学习过程,该过程分为选择、传送、学习和反馈四个阶段,各个阶段中存在着影响知识转移的关键因素,包括转移知识的层次、母公司的知识存量、子公司的吸收能力等,因此建立有效的转移机制才能促进母子公司的互动学习。