Social Protection in the ‘Real World’: Issues,Models and Challenges

Social protection has evolved rapidly both conceptually and in practice, and is now a key policy issue in humanitarian and development debates. However, debates have sometimes been misled by approaches that pay inadequate attention to context‐specific factors, do not fully consider the sequence of interventions, and are too instrument‐centred. This article presents a conceptual framework to tailor social‐protection policy and implementation more closely to country contexts. Four stylised models of social protection are identified, corresponding to scenarios where social‐protection systems are absent, where elements of such systems exist, and where systems are emerging or have been consolidated. Each model is shown to lead to different challenges, implications and areas for further research.     

基于Petri网的工作流优化分析

工作流管理技术是实现企业业务过程重组、过程管理与过程自动化的核心技术。在工作流参考模型中,工作流验证和优化是过程定义工具的重要组成部分。在综述相关研究论文和经典Petri网理论的基础上,提出了基于Petri网的工作流合理性验证算法和过程优化算法。最后通过保险索赔过程的优化实例,验证了工作流优化算法的有效性。     

Childhood malaria in the Gambia: a case-study in model-based geostatistics

Summary. The paper develops a spatial generalized linear mixed model to describe the variation in the prevalence of malaria among a sample of village resident children in the Gambia. The response from each child is a binary indicator of the presence of malarial parasites in a blood sample. The model includes terms for the effects of child level covariates (age and bed net use), village level covariates (inclusion or exclusion from the primary health care system and greenness of surrounding vegetation as derived from satellite information) and separate components for residual spatial and non-spatial extrabinomial variation. The results confirm and quantify the progressive increase in prevalence with age, and the protective effects of bed nets. They also show that the extrabinomial variation is spatially structured, suggesting an environmental effect rather than variation in familial susceptibility. Neither inclusion in the primary health care system nor the greenness of the surrounding vegetation appeared to affect the prevalence of malaria. The method of inference was Bayesian using vague priors and a Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation.     

基于竞合模型的广电与互联网联动发展研究

随着信息技术与网络技术的发展和广泛运用，传统广电业与新兴互联网之间的产业边界逐渐变得模糊，融合发展成为新的产业形态，三网融合的推进也使互联网与广电网在产品和服务的提供上越来越趋同，这加剧了广电与互联网之间的竞争，同时也提升了两者的合作空间。在借鉴了互联网视频网站服务评估方法的基础上，从广电产业关心的角度出发，运用层次分析法和熵值法，设计了竞合模式下合作伙伴评估选择的综合评价体系，并依据静态博弈模型构建了双方在具体业务上合作的成本———利润函数模型，为广电企业和互联网企业合作伙伴与合作方式的选择提供理论参考。     

网络环境下创意产生阶段企业知识流耦合控制模型研究

创新源于好的创意,而好的创意是以知识的交流和共享为基础。基于合作网络,在描述了创意产生阶段企业知识流耦合过程的基础上,引入节点间的耦合度变量,借助Petri网构建了合作网络环境下,创意产生阶段企业知识流耦合过程控制模型,研究了基于合作网络的企业知识流动的一般规律。结果表明,企业通过调节与其他知识节点间的耦合度控制从合作网络中流入企业的知识流量、流速和结网过程,从而更好的调配企业资源。     

关于我国农产品质量安全监管体系的探究

农产品质量安全不仅关系到公民的生命安全与健康,还关系到企业的发展与国家的稳定。通过理性分析和谐发展理念、社会秩序与社会正义理念、生存权与发展权并重理念等,以及对我国农产品质量安全监管体系进行原因分析,总结出监管主体不清,监管环节缺乏统筹与协调,监管对象缺乏标准化规模生产,监管就不健全,社会监督力度不足,信息公开体系不健全等监管的不足。提出主体链、环节链、区域链、监管链、信息链等立体网监管的对策,以促进我国农产品质量安全水平的提高。     

Petri网在旅游管理系统中的应用

随着旅游事业的不断发展,旅游业逐渐成为一些地区财政收入的主要来源.利用Petri网工作流建模方法,对旅游管理系统进行建模,并利用Petri网对其进行分析,实现旅游管理自动化的业务过程模型.     

The Clash of Voices: Community-based Targeting of Safety-net Interventions in Malawi

Using the principle of community targeting, the 2003 Winter Targeted Input Programme was designed to extend free inputs to about 400,000 households in rural Malawi on the basis of access to dambo, and poverty status. The tendency for most communities was, however, to modify the stipulated criteria on the basis of their perceptions and interpretations of need, entitlement and equity. Strikingly, even though the resulting criteria often reflected priorities conflicting with the officially prescribed guidelines, they were nevertheless not necessarily motivated by fraudulent intentions, though there were some isolated cases of ill‐intention. This article therefore advocates at least the incorporation of views from below in the design of interventions of this nature in order to ensure that they achieve the overall desired strategic impact.     

基于Peti网的WEB服务组合建模及验证

Web服务组合是为了应对日益复杂的业务处理流程,将单一的web服务组合在一起形成一个新的服务。正确的组合web服务是有效应用这些服务的前提,为此研究了利用Petri网组合Web服务的方法和web服务组合模型的验证算法。在对工作流和Web服务组合进行分析对比的基础上,借鉴基于Petri网的工作流建模技术,给出了一种基于Petri网技术的Web服务组合建模方法．采用直观的图形表示Web服务组合模型。结合Web服务组合模型的合理性定义,设计出Web服务组合模型合理性验证算法,利用库所向量和服务集合的表示方法对Web服务组合模型进行分析验证。最后用一个具体实例对Web服务组合建模和验证方法作进一步说明。     

A network-based approach to integrated supply chain design

The inherent complexity of supply chains, combined with their economic importance, has prompted research in supply chain management. While there has been a significant amount of work reported in modelling supply chains, the effectiveness of these models in addressing the complex area of supply chain management is questionable. What is giving added urgency to the need for research in this area are the recent developments in communications that offer the promise of connecting suppliers, assemblers and customers in a seamless network of information that can form integrated supply chain management. This paper aims to address the deficiency in modelling by proposing a methodology that models the integrated supply chain as an abstracted network, called a Trans-Net. The Trans-Net approach offers three main potential advantages. First, the multiple participants in a supply chain can be modelled without undue complexity. Second, it is an approach that allows users to examine the interactions between different considerations so that important attributes such as cost and lead-time can be readily calculated and bottleneck areas identified. Third, it applies a mathematical formalism to the problem, with the potential of being relatively straightforward to computerize.