中国人口城镇化与土地城镇化失调原因分析

运用城市用地增长弹性系数指标对2000年以后中国人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调状况进行分析,发现全国及大多数省市的人口城镇化与土地城镇化失衡,土地城镇化速度远高于人口城镇化速度。人口与土地城镇化协调性差的根本原因在于产业重构和转移,国际战略格局变化、国家建设重心转移推动土地城镇化先于人口城镇化发展,国家城镇化战略实施、城镇化方针转变更有利于破除土地城镇化的制度障碍,行政区划调整、政府管理体制改革削弱了土地征收征用的阻力,产业园区、新城建设等城市规划实践直接推动了城市扩张,社会转型加剧了失调程度、助推城市扩张。在今后发展中,土地资源瓶颈和可持续发展战略的实施可能会对失调起反向作用。     

Contemporary development forces in the nonmetropolitan west: new insights from rapidly growing communities

Nonmetropolitan areas in the western United States have experienced rapid growth rates measured in both economic and demographic terms. Macrolevel studies have found that a variety of forces are at work driving these regional patterns of growth including quality of life migrants, expansion of service industries, and nonearnings sources of income. While these macrolevel studies provide important insights into the processes of regional change, very little is known of the significance of these contemporary development forces at the micro, or community, level. This paper reports the results of four community case studies in rapidly growing rural communities within the western United States to provide a better understanding of economic and social change at the community level. Interviews with key players in each case study community provide the empirical evidence for this paper, and the data demonstrate community development processes to be complex. Resource-dependent industrial activities remain an important component for community economies. Furthermore, extractive activity is being supplemented (not supplanted) by various combinations of the factors reported in macrolevel studies including niche manufacturing, Lone Eagles, quality of life migrants, and retirees. The case studies also highlight a high degree of volatility in growing areas and potential problems with assimilation, fractioning, and planning associated with rapid growth in these small places.     

甘肃产业结构的逆向演变及其调整路径选择

改革开放二十多年,甘肃产业结构呈现出逆向演变特征.针对这种状况,提出在面临"矫正"与"升级"双重任务的情况下,甘肃产业结构调整优化的选择路径.     

Cracks in a policy paradigm – poverty reduction and social security: the case of Belgium

Poverty reduction rests on the mechanisms of horizontal and vertical solidarity and on prevention and repair of social risks. In this contribution, we argue that in contemporary welfare states the poverty-reducing capacity of existing social security systems has inherent limitations. Focusing on Belgium, we present and discuss empirical indications of a persistent (over a period of at least 30 years) decline in poverty reduction through social transfers, particularly among households who are highly dependent on such transfers. Firstly, we show that prevention and repair have failed to contribute to a reduction in the proportion of work-poor households who are highly dependent upon social security and face a high (rising even) poverty risk. Secondly, we find that given the fragmentation of social risks – in terms of both ex post poverty outcomes and ex ante social stratification – horizontal redistributive mechanisms through risk pooling have become less obvious, especially in respect of unemployment. Thirdly, it appears that the mechanisms of vertical solidarity also face inherent limitations. In a final section we summarise some important research questions for the future and potentially worthwhile policy avenues to resolve the question of how social policy-making might succeed in the future where it has failed in the past.     

The politics of marginality in Wallowa County,Oregon: Contesting the production of landscapes of consumption

The state of Oregon’s (USA) land use planning framework has long been characterized by tensions between state and local authority, between traditionally-defined “urban” and “rural” concerns, and between the competing interests of various landowners. An examination of Wallowa County, Oregon’s implementation of House Bill 3326, a 2001 law giving counties the power to define certain agricultural lands as “marginal,” and therefore exempt from restrictions on subdivision and development, illustrates the ways in which these tensions become magnified as rural communities attempt to govern private land use in the context of rural restructuring. Implementation of HB3326 highlighted the tensions between landowners interested in capitalizing on development opportunities afforded by HB3326, neighboring producers concerned about interference from future amenity migrants, and existing amenity migrants with interests in protecting their rural idyll. Contestations over nonfarm development took place in the context of a strong agricultural community identity, concerns about the effects of economic restructuring on producers, and local resistance to the rural gentrification process. The process of defining marginality came to encompass not only technical issues of land productivity, but also broader community contestations over the continuation of traditional land uses and the legitimacy of various actors to govern private land.     

权力结构与社会稳定

在经济转型期 ,随着人们利益的分化 ,社会上出现了多元化、多层次的复杂利益群体 ,他们纷纷要求自己的利益得到政治保障。这样 ,在计划经济体制下形成的权力结构开始分化 ,这种分化对社会稳定存在着正负两种效应。应采取何种机制在权力结构能力与社会需求之间找到最佳结合点 ,以达到维护社会稳定的目的 ,这是所有发展中国家经济转型期所面临的重大课题     

西藏二元经济结构的演进轨迹、主要特征及转化思路探讨

西藏在经济发展水平上属于我国欠发达地区,经济结构具有双重二元性,这是西藏经济结构的主要特征.为了统筹西藏城乡经济发展,文章采用比较劳动生产率、二元对比系数和二元反差系数,对1978～2006年西藏二元经济结构的演进轨迹进行测算,得出西藏二元经济结构的演进具有波动性、产业产值结构与就业结构严重错位、工业化和城市化进程严重滞后等重要特征,并从现阶段西藏的区情出发,得出西藏经济结构已经从"非典型"过渡到"较为典型"的二元经济结构的结论.