Dementia Special Care Units

Abstract

Despite continued interest and growth in special care units in the United States, there is no uniform agreement on characteristics for these units, specific outcomes, or satisfaction with them. This study examined family satisfaction with Dementia Special Care Units (SCUs) using a modified standardized instrument and follow-up interviews. The study included five SCUs in one state, three participating in a dementia SCU demonstration project. Family outcomes were evaluated using surveys and interviews. The only significant difference between facilities in the demonstration project and the comparison facilities was one variable noting family with residents in the demonstration project had more positive perceptions regarding resident safety. The study illustrates a need for policy makers to more clearly identify and regulate special aspects of SCUs, taking family perceptions into consideration.     

词语语义加工中N400影响因素研究述评

作为语义加工大脑指标的N400成分受多种因素的影响。研究者从词类、词频、拼写相似性、语义关联、词语具体性、语境以及词汇隐喻等方面对词语语义加工中影响N400成分的因素进行了大量的研究。然而，这些研究对词语的出现条件进行了严格的限制：对词语列表中的词语的考察脱离了语境的制约，对完形填空中词语出现概率的考察受到句法结构的制约。本文对这些影响N400成分的因素进行了评述，建议该领域的研究重点可以倾向于脱离句法结构的条件限制，考察不同结构中词语或词语组合的语义加工过程，倾向于词语语义加工的跨语言渗透，并提出在词汇学习或教学中遴选词语的策略和语境制约的作用。     

Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin

On incidental dermal exposure to chemicals in water, a key exposure factor is the amount of water adhering to skin. Although soil adherence factors have been developed for risk assessment, measurements of water adherence on human skin have not been described. In the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) dermal risk assessment guidance, dermal dose from environmental exposures is based upon the flux rate across the skin, which assumes that an unlimited amount of chemical is available for absorption. This assumption is applicable to certain exposure scenarios such as swimming and bathing. However, exposures to contaminated water frequently involve scenarios where the available chemical is limited by the amount of water adhering to the skin, for example, during accidental splashes. We conducted studies in human volunteers to investigate water adherence per unit area of skin after brief contact with water. In two sets of experiments, either water was applied with a micropipette to 10‐cm² areas of the lower leg, foot, and hand, or the foot and hand were briefly immersed in water. In males, using a micropipette, water adherence ranged from 1.93 (foot) to 7.13 μL/cm² (lower leg). In females, it ranged from 1.10 (lower leg) to 4.83 μL/cm² (hand). Hand and foot immersion resulted in relatively higher values of 6.89 and 5.17 μL/cm², respectively, in males, and 5.40 and 6.39 μL/cm² in females. Water adherence was affected by amount of body hair and type of exposure. Water adherence factors can be used to calculate the applied dose per unit area for exposures involving intermittent water contact.     

论新闻计算句子长短的句子标准

新闻语体的句子应该比其他语体的句子短，这是由新闻的易读性决定的。但是目前的一些新闻语言研究中，统计出的句子比其他语体的句子还要长几倍。一些新闻语言研究中同时以单句和复句为单位。单句和复句在语法结构上不是同一层级的语言单位，同时作为计算单位，是违反逻辑的。语法系统中，小句是基本的句子，是传递信息的基本单位。新闻语言研究中也应以小句为计算单位。     

平行法则：早期上古汉语中“者”的出现

文章为覆盖前期上古汉语Pre—archaic Chinese（公元前14世纪至公元前11世纪）与早期上古汉语Early—archaic Chinese（公元前11世纪至公元前6世纪）的历时性研究，目的在于更好地揭示早期上古时代所出现的“者”之功用。研究表明，“者”的功能与前期上古所出现的“之”的功能间存在着“平行对应”关系，我们将此关系定义为“平行法”机制，此机制从属于“类比”。存在于“之”与“者”之间的“平行法”机制可能促使了“者”的功能的涌现。     

危重病性多发性周围神经病与肌病的临床及肌电图探讨

目的探讨危重病性多发性神经病与肌病的临床、电生理特点。方法对6例危重病性多发性神经病与肌病患者的临床资料、肌电图结果进行分析。结果患者均因严重感染等基础疾病转入ICU,均进行气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸,6例患者均出现四肢基本对称的肌力下降、感觉异常及腱反射减弱。肌电图结果示四肢周围神经的运动及感觉复合电位波幅明显下降或引不出,4例患者同时合并肌病样改变。结论危重病性多发性神经病与肌病是重症患者气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸后常见的并发症,电生理检查有助于本病的诊断,早期认识及治疗本病与预后关系很大。     

RESEARCH NOTE Some evidence against the assumption that approval of family planning is associated with frequency of spouses' discussion of the subject

Much previous work on the relationship between respondent's reported frequency of discussion with spouse about family planning and correctness of reporting spouse's approval of family planning has led to the conclusion that discussion promotes approval. In this paper, data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys are used to show that a focus on the relationship between frequency of discussion and correctness of reporting partner's disapproval of family planning leads to sceptical conclusions about the effects of discussion in improving knowledge of partner's attitude or in promoting approval.     

主动形式表被动意义的语表及语义分析

在英语中,被动意义除了最常用的“be+V—ed”结构之外,有时也可以采用主动形式来表示,只不过句子的语义功能则由原来强调动作的承受者变为强调人或事物处于某种静止状态之中。本文初步探讨了这些主动形式的语法结构及语义特征。     

新课程背景下大学人文教育的思考--全日制高校通用教材《大学语文》存在的不足与对策

指出并分析全日制高校通用教材<大学语文>存在的六大问题,包括课文是清一色的短篇且与现行基础教育阶段语文教科书有较多重复篇目;对选文的相关知识缺乏必要的详细介绍;对"提示"和"思考与练习"的编制思路欠妥;缺乏高层次语文能力训练设计;缺乏配套学习软件;各单元整合性不足.在此基础上,提出进一步完善该教材的七条建议,包括增设各单元综论部分;重编重组精读部分;设置专题拓展略读部分;设计单元专题表达与交流活动;使用符号系统;开发大学语文教学软件;按大单元制结构模式编排教材内容.     

Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.