Extension and necessity of Cheng and Wu conditions

Repeated Measurement Designs, with two treatments, n (experimental) units and p periods are examined. The model examined is with uncorrelated observations following a continuous distribution with constant variance and the parameters of interest are (i) the difference of direct effects and (ii) the difference of residual effects. In this paper (a) the difference of Universal optimality and Φ-optimality is clarified and (b) the sufficient conditions of Cheng and Wu (1980) are extended to include the case n=2 mod 4, p even, (c) also it is shown that these conditions are also necessary for Φ-optimality for estimating direct as well as residual effects, and (d) a method is proposed to construct Φ-optimal designs and examples are given when n even and p=3, n=0 mod 4 and p=4, n=2 mod 4 and p=4. In the last case the estimated parameters in the optimal design are correlated.     

Bayesian analysis of agricultural field experiments

The paper describes Bayesian analysis for agricultural field experiments, a topic that has received very little previous attention, despite a vast frequentist literature. Adoption of the Bayesian paradigm simplifies the interpretation of the results, especially in ranking and selection. Also, complex formulations can be analysed with comparative ease, by using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. A key ingredient in the approach is the need for spatial representations of the unobserved fertility patterns. This is discussed in detail. Problems caused by outliers and by jumps in fertility are tackled via hierarchical t formulations that may find use in other contexts. The paper includes three analyses of variety trials for yield and one example involving binary data; none is entirely straightforward. Some comparisons with frequentist analyses are made.     

《老子》“道”论新探

《老子》通过存有、本原、认知等不同层面对道的辨析,建构了中国哲学史上最古老的共相理论——道论,并以这种理论在中国哲学史上第一次对事物何以存有作出了较为系统的哲学解释,为我们的民族从哲学的角度了解世界、把握世界开辟了一条独特的认识路径,确立了一种理性的传统。尽管《老子》道论的形式与内容都存在古代哲学的特质,但仍不失为中国哲学史上一座巨大的哲学智慧宝库。     

从特权到普遍性权利:美国公民选举权的扩大

在美国殖民地时期,政治参与是占社会少数的富裕的成年白人男性基督徒的特权。公民的选举权受到了种种限制,主要包括财产资格限制、宗教资格限制、种族限制、性别限制、年龄限制、居住地和居住时间限制、甚至品行限制等。在后来的历史发展过程中,在战争以及社会运动的冲击下,对选举权的不合理限制被逐渐废除,使选举权由少数人享有的特权转变为所有成年美国人普遍享有的一项权利。美国在废除选举权的财产资格限制、确立成年男性选举权方面走在世界各国的前面,然而它却是最后一个实现真正普选权的发达资本主义国家。然而,在当代美国,在选举权扩大的同时,公民政治参与的热情与程度却持续降低。这是美国公民选举权扩大过程中出现的一个发人深思的悖论。     

普遍的国家利益基础上的国际合作——从冷战后世界新突出问题谈起

冷战结束以后,世界面临许多新出现的共同问题的挑战,这给寻求普遍的国家利益提供了契机;正是普遍的国家利益的存在,给国际合作提供了可能性;在新的形势下,各国对国内外政策进行的调整使国际合作成了现实可能性;各国应在普遍的国家利益基础上,在国际政治中进行积极的合作.     

仁爱与博爱的比较研究

本文对仁爱与博爱的异同进行了广泛探讨,希望人们既要看到二者的统一,又要看到二者的区别,不要混为一谈。     

Higher education students with disabilities speaking out: perceived barriers and opportunities of the Universal Design for Learning framework

The Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework offers a promising strategy to address the needs of higher education students with disabilities; UDL aims to support access, participation and progress for ‘all’ learners, resulting in more accessible learning environments. The objective of this qualitative study is to explore whether UDL addresses the learning needs of students with disabilities effectively. Findings suggested that students’ perceptions align well with UDL’s principles, especially with the principle of multiple means of engagement. Additionally, we found that meeting the learning needs of some students may create barriers for others. To overcome these weaknesses, UDL needs to address the individual learning needs of students, not only through setting and curricular changes, but also in a direct way. Therefore, this study argues for responsive teaching whilst implementing UDL in a flexible way. Helping students to articulate their learning needs by asking them the right questions will be crucial.     

A review of uniform cross-over designs

Uniform cross-over designs form an important family of experimental designs. They have been applied in many scientific disciplines including clinical trials, agricultural studies and psychological experiments. In this paper we consider the four types of uniform cross-over design, as given by Williams [1949. Experimental designs balanced for the estimation of residual effects of treatments. Aust. J. Sci. Res. 2, 149–168], Cheng and Wu [1980. Balanced repeated measurements designs. Ann. Statist. 8, 1272–1283. Corrigendum 11 (1983) 349], Bate and Jones [2006. The construction of nearly balanced and nearly strongly balanced uniform cross-over designs. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 136, 3248–3267] and Kunert [1983. Optimal design and refinement of the linear model with applications to repeated measurements designs. Ann. Statist. 11, 247–257]. The efficiency of these designs, existence criteria and methods of construction are described.     

Crossover designs based on type I orthogonal arrays for a self and simple mixed carryover effects model with correlated errors

We investigate the performance of crossover designs based on type I orthogonal arrays for a self and simple mixed carryover effects model in the presence of correlated errors. Assuming that between-subject errors are independent while within-subject errors behave according to the stationary first-order autoregressive and moving average processes, analytical optimality results for 3-period designs are established and, as an illustration, numerical details for a number of 4-period cases are tabulated.     

从洛克到罗尔斯：人权正当性的历史证成与价值证成

《世界人权宣言》等文件宣布人权是“固有”的，这种观念来自古典自然法学派的理论。古典自然法学派的代表人物洛克用历史的、经验的方法来证成人权的“固有”属性，但由于不符合历史和经验的真实而倍受指责；当代哲学家罗尔斯则用价值的、逻辑的方法来证成人权的“应有”性。实际上被宣布为人权的那些基本权利是近代以来越来越被人类普遍认同的基本价值。