The senses at the National Gallery: art as sensory recreation and regulation in Victorian England

ABSTRACT

In 1850, the keeper of the National Gallery in London described the museum as being frequented by “school boys eating bread and cheese” and country folk who “drew their chairs round and sat down, and seemed to make themselves very comfortable”. As for the pictures on the walls, these were smeared with the fingerprints of inquiring gallery-goers. The tension between the National Gallery as an unfussy place of recreation, in which visitors could enjoy themselves at their ease, and as a prim site of regulation, in which visitors must learn to exercise tight control over their behavior, played itself out in elite nineteenth-century debates over the role of the Gallery as a public space. This article examines nineteenth-century representations of the ideal sensory role of the National Gallery and its problematic actual sensory life. This leads into a discussion of the ways in which the National Gallery and other public art institutions were imagined to function as the soft fingertips of the long arm of the law, transforming social disorder into social order and destructive sensuality into compliant sensitivity.     

近代早期中英海外贸易市场体系发育之比较

近代早期中英两国的海外贸易市场体系皆经历了蜕变与重建的过程。中国由朝贡贸易转向民间海外贸易，英国则由商站贸易转向特许贸易。世界商品市场开始孕育成长，世界格局进入转换和重组的关键时期。海外贸易市场体系的发育，对两国国内社会经济发展和国际地位的变化都产生了深远的影响。     

英国工业革命、国家管制与经济发展

从都铎王朝建立到19世纪中期工业革命结束,英国经济发展经历了由国家管制向全面自由的转变。都铎王朝是英国民族国家形成的时代,形成了与之前封建碎化的状态完全不同的、君主对国家事务强有力的控制。而到工业革命时期,这种国家管制已经越来越不适应经济发展的要求。这种呼吁自由发展经济的诉求也体现在当时经济学家对经济发展的思考之中,并逐渐应用于经济生活,为英国工业革命的发展和实现现代经济的增长提供了自由的环境。     

近代早期英国大学的变迁及其影响

近代早期英国大学获得了迅速的发展,就学人员数量日益增多。受教育者以绅士、平民为主体现象的发生也进一步说明了教育大众化的发展趋势。但同时还应看到,在大学里不同的社会身份等级有着较大的社会差别,由此也造成一定的负面影响。     

‘Some hidden purpose’? Class conflict and co-operation in Belfast’s Working Men’s Institute and Temperance Hall 1865–1900

While debates over social control and working-class culture have formed a lively part of British urban and social historiography, they have received much less attention in an Irish context. This article provides an overview of working-class associations in Belfast throughout the nineteenth century, before investigating specific working- and middle-class attitudes towards Belfast’s Working Men’s Institute and Temperance Hall during its early phase in the 1870s. The aims of the institute’s gentlemen founders – to maintain social order by providing workers with an alternative to the tavern, moralizing lectures on topics such as temperance, and evening classes – were only partially achieved. Middle-class motives, although mixed, betray a clear desire for social control. Many of the benefactors’ words and actions were met with suspicion or resistance by a group of fiercely independent working men who, while not averse to self-improvement, carved out their own agenda. A strong working-class identity, free from any sectarian character, was expressed with articulateness and vehemence. This phenomenon is particularly striking in a city not known for working-class activism.     

The role of professional judgement in social work assessment: a comparison between Norway and England

ABSTRACT

Good quality assessment has a significant role to play in contributing to better outcomes for children in need of protection, so it is important to understand what supports best practice. This paper focuses on the role of professional judgement in assessment, and compares two very different national approaches. In England, governmental responses to perceived failings in the child protection system have led to a highly proceduralised and bureaucratised system and a corresponding down playing of the role of professional judgement. In Norway, professional discretion and judgement have been seen as key to the assessment process, and governmental response to criticism of child protection practice has been to support their use through provision of increased resources. However, too much emphasis on professional judgement and too little procedure may be as problematic as the reverse [Report of Auditor General of Norway. (2012). Document 3:15. Norway: Fagbokforlaget]. So this paper explores the different ways in which professional judgement is understood and addressed in each system and asks what we can learn from them in terms of best assessment practice. Acknowledging child protection as a ‘wicked problem’, we propose a model of Grounded Professional Judgement based on notions of epistemic responsibility and accountability to support the exercise of professional judgement in situations of uncertainty.     

英国警察盘查制度研究

英国警察盘查权力源自普通法的传统。近年来,由于恐怖事件频发和绑架等暴力犯罪案件的增多,英国公众普遍希望警方能更有效地打击违法犯罪和控制社会治安秩序,提升民众的安全感。在这种背景下,英国采取了更严格的刑事司法政策来强化对犯罪控制,表现在盘查制度上,英国警察拦截与搜查权得到一系列重要修正与扩张;同时为了防止警察启动盘查的任意性,将盘查行为纳入《刑事诉讼法》进行规范。     

中古晚期英国税制的演变

中古晚期以来,英国税制演变经历了三个阶段,即"国王靠自己收入生活"阶段、国王与议会争夺税收控制权的阶段、近代国家税制形成阶段.每个阶段都呈现出不同的特点.这一演变反映了英国向近代社会转型的历史进程,对民族国家的形成和发展影响深远.     

英国工业革命时期的劳动力市场与工资水平

英国工业革命使经济迅速发展。经济的快速发展对劳动力需求是巨大的。而圈地运动为工业革命提供了大量的自由劳动力。众所周知,劳动力市场供需的变化对工资水平具有直接的影响。李嘉图曾认为,工人的工资决定于劳动者维持其自身与家庭所需的食物、必需品和享用品的价格,是一种生存工资。本文论证了为什么英国工业革命时期劳动力市场的巨大需求没有引起工资水平的上升,而只是处于李嘉图所说的生存工资水平上。     

Strategy and tactics for resisting take-over

Although many articles have been written on how to take over a company, comparatively few have explained how to resist take-over in the U.K. This article seeks to redress the literature imbalance. The worst time to mount a defence is after a bid has been received. Accordingly, a large part of this article is concerned with advance preparation. The topics covered are: the need for advance preparation; identifying take-over targets; valuing a firm; defences prior to a bid; detecting an imminent bid; the Take-over Code; defences after a bid.