英国维多利亚时期绅士文化研究

文化的形成和发展深受时代的影响,也给时代烙上了深刻的印记.经济状况、政治背景、社会风潮以独特的方式塑造当时的文化,并且被那段文化所折射.英国绅士文化的发展是一个漫长的历程,在不同的历史阶段有着不尽相同的特点.探讨维多利亚时期经济、政治、文化对当时绅士文化的作用,以及绅士文化对时下的服装潮流、文学创作和社会教育的反作用,揭示社会塑造文化,文化反拨社会的反哺互动.这方面的研究对于我国当下文化强国战略中文化和社会的相互利好有着很强的借鉴价值.     

The measurement of historical trends in fetal mortality in England and Wales

This paper critically discusses recent attempts to estimate long-term trends in the stillbirth rate for England and Wales. It assesses the available historical evidence for the level of late-fetal mortality, drawing especially on examples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. A theoretical fetal–infant life table for a high-mortality population is also outlined as a means of analysing the relationship between segments of the conception-to-first-birthday mortality curve. Finally, new estimates of the stillbirth rate for England and Wales are proposed, based on variations in the early neonatal and maternal mortality rates during the 1930s. These estimates are substantially lower than the earlier estimates and are more in keeping with the available evidence from northern Europe. The implications of the revised estimates for interpretations of historical changes in mortality patterns are also considered.     

Rump Britain: Englishness and Britishness, 1992–2001

Conservative adherence to the sovereignty of the Crown-in-Parliament resulted in the merging of English with British consciousness. During the 1990s, England's political nationalism expressed itself as a defence of Britishness. This defence of Britishness prevented a political English nationalism cohering at a time when political nationalisms had matured in Scotland and Wales. This merging of England and Britain was particularly evident in conservative thinking, given the conservative adherence to the concept of Crown-in-Parliament sovereignty.     

Eating habits and physical activity in dieter and non-dieter youth: A gender analysis of English and Spanish adolescents

A high prevalence of youth is overweight or obese, and a frequent lack of monitoring of their weight control strategies is observed. Consequently, this paper compares the eating habits and physical activities of male and female dieters and non-dieters. Data are obtained from the large cross-national WHO collaborative study “Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2010”. The current sample consists of 9,444 students aged 11, 13 and 15 years from England and Spain. Participants are asked about dieting, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, breakfast frequency and fruit, vegetable, sweet and soft drink consumption. A logistic regression is used to examine the differences between dieters and non-dieters with regard to the aforementioned eating and physical activity habits. Differences between genders, countries, and those associated with BMI (body mass index) are also considered. The results suggest that the reality of weight control differs from the major health promotion recommendations during adolescence.     

Female entrepreneurship: business,marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911

ABSTRACT

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family.     

诗歌式微与小说勃兴——维多利亚时代文类嬗变刍议

维多利亚时代是英国文学的黄金时代,涌现出一大批驰名世界的文学大家。反观这一时代的文学创作,读者会发现这一时期的文类出现了明显的变化。诗歌逐渐式微,散文占据重要地位,成为这个时代思想的直接表达。而小说则登堂入室,凭借批判性锋芒,成为贯穿维多利亚时代始终的经典文学样式,并与所处时代构成强有力的互文关系,传神地诠释了"文本的历史性"这一概念。     

14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向

14、15世纪英国修道院编年史不同于中世纪盛期的修道院编年史.这一时期的编年史家将史料选用范围拓宽到世俗世界,采用新的写作手法,他们的史学思想也有所转变,使修道院编年史的著作结构和写作体例发生了新的变化.这一时期修道院编年史家的治史手法为后世所继承,对英国史学的发展产生了不可忽视的影响.     

英国高等教育在其科学活动中心形成中的作用与影响

17世纪下半叶,英国成为继意大利之后的第二个世界科学活动中心。作者以较详实的史料对英国成为科学活动中心的高等教育背景进行了考察和分析,从新的视角探讨了英国科学活动中心形成的原因。全文包括四部分,即:问题的提出,17世纪以前英国的高等教育,17世纪英国高等教育的变革,英国高等教育对科学活动中心的影响。     

Short- and long-term effects of divorce and separation on housing tenure in England and Wales

This paper investigates the effects of marital and non-marital separation on individuals’ housing tenure in England and Wales. We apply competing risks event history models to data from the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study to analyse the risk of a residential move to different tenure types, for single, married, cohabiting, and separated men and women. Separated individuals are more likely to move and experience a tenure change than those who are single or in a relationship. Among separated people, private renting is the most common outcome of a move; however, women are also likely to move to social renting, whereas men tend to move to homeownership. This pattern persists when we account for time since separation and order of move, indicating a potential long-term effect of separation on housing tenure. This long-term effect is especially pertinent to separated women who cannot afford homeownership.     

Logistics and procurement outsourcing in the healthcare sector: A comparative analysis

As outsourcing ventures become more complex, opportunities for synergies and efficiencies increase, but also create longer and more fragmented supply chains which could have disastrous consequences, particularly in a healthcare context. This study investigates the implications of outsourcing on healthcare supply chains by comparing two alternatives: outsourcing from public-to-private and outsourcing from public-to-public. A conceptual framework, adapted from previous literature, has been employed to provide a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon and consider the implications of logistics and procurement outsourcing on the healthcare supply chain structure and performance. The study presents a European cross-country comparison, analysing both the National Health Service (NHS) outsourcing in England (public-to-private outsourcing) and the Regional Health Service (RHS) outsourcing in the Tuscany region (Italy) (public-to-public outsourcing). Specificities and commonalities of the two outsourcing experiences provide suggestions for managers and policy-makers and enhance the current knowledge of outsourcing in the public healthcare sector.