英国辉格史学派先驱者论略

通常,学界仅将哈兰、林加德和麦考莱视作英国辉格史学派的先驱或奠基人,这显得有些偏颇.若将麦考莱当作该学派横坐标的原点,往前还可以追溯到约翰·罗素、麦金托什和福克斯,其中福克斯和麦金托什可被视为遭受质疑的先驱者,而罗素又是被遗忘的先驱者.他们史学著作的共同点,是关注本国早期宪政发展,并相继在自由主义的立场上,对社会政治变革采取了相当谨慎的评判.在领略和适当接受20世纪末年英国学界相关新观点的基础上,揭示福克斯、麦金托什、罗素和麦考莱等人的史学成就和思想,他们各自与辉格一自由党的亲疏不等的关系,以及他们在构建辉格早期史学派时的实际功用,这对于较完整地研究英国辉格史学派先驱者的行列及其作用,是很有裨益的.     

英国陪审制的兴起

英国的陪审制度是英美法系历史进程中比较重要的一种法律制度,它对英美法系独特的发展起着十分重要的作用。陪审制在中世纪的英国得以形成是有其适宜的历史环境的。陪审制的形成过程、陪审制的形成对英国法律制度和政治制度的影响都值得认真探讨。     

Between “Families in Trouble” and “Children at Risk”: Historicising “Troubled Family” Policy in England since 1945

The launch of the Troubled Families Programme in 2011 has thrown into sharp relief how governments develop policies and practices to intervene in the lives of so‐called ‘troubled families’. Commentators were quick to make comparisons with historic efforts to rehabilitate ‘problem families’ in the post‐war period. However, beyond discursive similarities, there are also marked continuities in how family policies have been developed and implemented. This review narrates the rise, fall and rise of concern about ‘problem’ and ‘troubled’ families in England in the context of anxieties about child and family welfare, and the appropriate response of the state.     

Polish complementary schools in Iceland and England

Since 2004, the opening of labour markets has spurred a considerable number of Poles to emigrate e.g. to Iceland and England. Families with school age children have had the challenge of adapting to foreign environments and school systems. Polish complementary schools have played an important, albeit ambivalent, role in this process. Through focus group interviews with students in Polish complementary schools in one city in Iceland and one city in England, we gathered information showing common threads between both schools as well as differences in their structure, role, origin and the student motivation to participate. Saturday schools abroad are considered to be less demanding by students than regular schools back in Poland, but more so than regular Icelandic/English schools, which many rate as unsatisfactory in terms of their academic development. The tension between the need for freedom and high expectations for the academic outcome of education influences student opinions, not only about schooling, but also about the host society.     

Habits and orders of everyday life: commensal adjustment in Anglo‐French couples

This paper examines processes of habit reshuffling and change in different contexts of household formation, looking specifically at habits regarding eating and commensality. It is based on a study of 14 couples, each with one English and one French partner, half of whom live in France, half in England. We examine the interplay between partners, their determination to eat together as a couple, and the various ‘orders’ associated with their commensal pact (diets, routines, extra‐marital commensality), both when they start as couples and as parents of young children. We draw on the specificity of cross‐national couple experience to cast light on processes of adjustment – to one another, and to the new country of residence for the migrant partner. In particular, we explore the potential of notions of ‘split’ and ‘solid’ ‘patrimonies of incorporated habits’, ‘re‐shuffling’ of habits and dispositions, and ‘habit memory’, to characterize the dynamics of habits at play in each of the orders under scrutiny. Overall, the paper contributes to the analysis of habit as the ‘stuff’ of orders of everyday life.     

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome projections in England and Wales: interplay of methodology and data

Since the late 1980s, regular monitoring of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in England and Wales has been carried out through the work of successive national working groups. One of their tasks has been to provide short-term projections of the incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In this paper the data and methods used in this projection work are reviewed and results critically assessed with the aim of highlighting the strong interaction between methodological developments and data acquisition.     

Ageing Populations and Housing Needs: Comparing Strategic Policy Discourses in France and England

Set against a broad European policy agenda which promotes ‘ageing in place’ and representations of older people as active, independent citizens, this article compares recent English and French policy discourses on population ageing and its implications for the housing needs of increasingly large numbers of older citizens. Through analysis of six recent strategic policy statements representing each government's official responses to population ageing and its social policy implications for the 21st century, we demonstrate how differences in the social representation of the ageing process and of older peoples themselves permeate policy discourse, influencing the perceptions of the housing needs of older citizens and the role that housing itself may play in promoting independent living. In England, demographic ageing, housing and its role in facilitating independent living and active ageing are explicitly articulated, whilst in France, the housing environment has until recently, been portrayed as one which must accommodate the illness, incapacity and dependency of later life. Our article offers explanations for these differences in terms of cultural variations in the social representations or ‘constructions’ of later life, divergences in political philosophies and welfare principles.     

Is Evidence‐Based Organizational Innovation in the NHS a Chimaera – Or Just Elusive?

Evidence-based adoption of organizational innovations requires explicit definition of the outcomes the innovations are intended to produce. Implementation theory, however, suggests that organizational innovations are often politicized in the sense that the prospect of implementing them provokes conflicts of interests among the parties affected. Then the intended outcomes of the innovation are liable to be formulated ambiguously, misleadingly or not at all, which makes evidence-based organizational innovation unattainable. Analysis of 61 organizational innovations in nine English NHS primary care trusts suggests that while the majority of innovations were not politicized in this way, a substantial minority were. Innovations whose adoption is motivated by evidence can therefore be differentiated from politicized innovations whose adoption is not so motivated, even when they nevertheless do have evidential support .     

论美国对1949-1972年间中英关系的影响

中英建交过程曲折复杂,美国是导致这一现象的重要因素。二战后,英国对美国依赖相当严重,在对华关系上一味追随美国,导致中英关系长期徘徊不前。本文分三个时期,将美国对中英关系的影响作一客观的分析和评价。     

在文学与宗教之间寻求平衡——解读爱默生的“诗人—神父”

爱默生的超验主义思想的一个核心意象是“诗人—神父”.这个意象的塑造结合了欧洲传统文化中的“俄尔普斯诗人”的意象和清教主义,既保持了与传统和宗教的联系,又将清教主义发展成为一种自然的宗教观,将文学的地位提高到和神的启示、和圣经同等的地位,甚至更高;将诗人的地位提高到比神父更高,极大地减少了宗教对文学的束缚,激励了19世纪的美国文学创作,推动了美国新英格兰文艺复兴运动的发展.