Relational and Overt Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: Clarifying Mean‐level Gender Differences and Associations with Peer Acceptance

Research on relational aggression has drawn attention to how girls may be likely to aggress, but the role of gender is not fully understood. There are opposing views regarding whether relational aggression is most common among girls. Current findings demonstrate that when gender differences in relational aggression are assessed with peer nominations, gender differences favoring girls are more likely: (1) in adolescence than childhood; and (2) when statistical overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Results also indicated that associations of relational aggression with peer acceptance depend on the aggressor's gender, the peer rater's gender, and whether overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Associations of relational aggression with lower acceptance became non‐significant when overt aggression was controlled, suggesting that relational aggression displayed in isolation may not damage acceptance. In fact, in mid‐adolescence, girls’ relational aggression predicted greater liking by boys. Reducing relational aggression among adolescent girls may be especially challenging if the behavior is linked with acceptance by boys.     

Continuity in Children's Relations with Peers

Social competence with peers of 55 (27 girls) children was examined from ages one to nine. In the toddler and preschool periods, social competence with peers was observed and rated by independent observers and rated by teachers. Teachers reported on children's social competence with peers at age nine. Children who engaged in more complex play with peers as toddlers were more prosocial, engaged in complex play, were less withdrawn as preschoolers, and were less aggressive and withdrawn as nine-year-olds. Children who were more aggressive and withdrawn as preschoolers were more aggressive as nine-year-olds.     

论当前西方文化侵略及应对策略

"文化侵略"是与经济、政治侵略相平行的一种侵略方式。文化侵略由来已久.当前的西方文化侵略呈现出侵略目的的公开性、侵略力量的强势性、侵略途径的多样性、侵略手段的隐蔽性、侵略状态的弥散性、侵略影响的根本性等显著特征。面对西方文化侵略,发扬光大优秀民族传统文化;筑起保护民族文化免受侵略的监管防线;处理好积极吸收外来先进文化与保护中华民族传统文化之间的关系以及提高全民族的文化安全意识是必然选择。     

武士道与日本对外侵略扩张方针的确立

武士道是日本特有的文化传统,是在日本庄园领主间争夺土地的激烈斗争中产生的,是日本封建社会居于主体地位的道德规范。明治政权建立后,对封建武士道加以改造、利用,把封建武士道变成了近代日本的军人精神和国民精神,成为维护天皇制和对外侵略的精神武器。     

论鸦片战争前后广东民众反侵略斗争的影响

鸦片战争前后广东民众反侵略斗争,沉重打击了外来侵略势力,冲击了地方官府的媚外政策,捍卫了自身权益,但也产生了一些负面影响。     

The physical restraint of young people

Children and young people who are in residential care sometimes behave aggressively towards themselves and others, and they may need to be physically restrained by staff. This paper describes a small-scale study which examines the use of physical restraint in one Scottish region. It explores the circumstances surrounding the restraint and the feelings of staff about the use of the restraint. The study shows that many of the factors that have been shown to be associated with violence and aggression were present in the incidents described.     

从数量关系看抗战时期美国“租借”援华

大凡一个国家援助另一个国家或集团 ,不会仅仅是因为同情而施予。从美国援助中国抗日战争的几组数据来看 ,不难发现美国“租借”援华是受其国家利益所支配的 ,是其全球战略的一部分 ,对中国抗战起到了一定的积极作用 ,而对纵容蒋介石打内战所起的作用更大。     

Child Anger Regulation, Parental Responses to Children's Anger Displays, and Early Child Antisocial Behavior

The display and regulation of child anger in family interaction was coded in a sample of 240 boys and girls at child age 6, and coded using the Specific Affect Coding System. Child antisocial behavior was longitudinally assessed, beginning in kindergarten. Pooled‐ and family‐level analyses were used to assess hazard rates for child anger. Parents’ ability to modulate their own emotions and negative behavior, and children's ability to down‐regulate anger were associated with increased latency for child anger. Hazard for child anger increased as parents’ insensitive and negative responses toward the child cumulated during family interaction. Macro‐level, non‐hazard analyses indicated that chronic levels of child antisocial behavior were associated with the frequency of parental negative behavior, but not with the frequency of child anger. Micro‐level hazard analyses indicated that children's ability to regulate anger was related to chronic levels of child covert but not overt antisocial behavior.     

Relational Aggression in Middle Childhood: Predictors and Adolescent Outcomes

This study examined gender differences in the level and developmental course of relational aggression in middle childhood, as well as early predictors and outcomes of relational aggression, after controlling for concurrent physical aggression. Relational (RAgg) and Physical aggression (PAgg) scores for 558 boys and 545 girls at the ages of eight to 11 in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) were created by combining the highest rating for each item across mother and teacher reports. Longitudinal analyses were conducted using latent curve models of RAgg with PAgg as a time‐varying covariate, with all parameters allowed to vary by gender. Boys and girls had different growth parameters of RAgg. Girls' RAgg intercept was higher, and the slope was not different from zero; boys' RAgg intercept was lower, and the slope declined. Mother–child conflict in early childhood predicted RAgg intercept for both boys and girls, but maternal harsh control and sensitivity were also uniquely predictive for girls whereas center care was uniquely predictive for boys. RAgg intercept predicted adolescent self‐reports of depression for girls and delinquency and risk‐taking for both boys and girls; the magnitude of the association with risk taking was significantly greater for boys.     

也评洪秀全

洪秀全是伟大的农民革命英雄。他的一生是充满矛盾的一生，他既是反封建的旗手，又是皇权主义的继承人；既是反侵略的英雄，又是宗教迷信的鼓吹者与受害者。他创造了英雄的业绩，也留下了历史的遗憾。