汇率传递效应与厂商决策行为——基于人民币升值背景下出口产品定价的理论分析

现有的关于汇率传递效应的分析和研究,主要集中在汇率波动对出口价格的影响、进出口价格的贸易条件,以及与此相关的反映汇率传递程度的产品替代性、地域性特征和市场组织等方面,而没有对引发汇率传递效应的厂商决策行为予以关注。其实,汇率传递效应是特定汇率制度下厂商决策行为的结果。人民币升值背景下的出口产品定价,可以在理论上看成是受汇率波动驱动而关联于物价水平、产品结构、技术梯度、国际收支平衡等的函数;厂商是出口产品定价者的事实,会涉及对上述函数中各因素的认知,而这种认知会形成厂商的选择偏好和效用期望,从而决定厂商的决策行为。作为对人民币升值背景下出口产品定价的一种理论探讨,可以围绕汇率波动来刻画厂商在出口产品定价中的选择偏好和效用期望,以说明汇率传递效应与厂商决策行为之间的联系。     

Optimal Retail Return Policies with Wardrobing

Many retailers offer refunds to consumers who, after a trial period, return a product that they find does not fit their needs. Some consumers are willing to use this return option opportunistically for short‐term consumption rather than its intended purpose of resolving fit uncertainty. Such behavior has been termed “wardrobing.” Restocking fees (partial refunds) can be used to combat wardrobing. However, there is a trade‐off involved, since partial refunds will be viewed negatively by consumers who return an item due to a true lack of fit. In this study, we consider how the extent of wardrobing (how many consumers consider such behavior) and the benefit of wardrobing (how much value can be extracted during the trial) impact firm pricing decisions and profits in this retail context. Our results imply that an increase in the extent of wardrobing is most detrimental to profits when the current extent of wardrobing is low. On the contrary, if the extent of wardrobing is already very high, and the benefit of wardrobing to consumers is also high, the retailer can set prices and refunds such that additional wardrobing actually increases firm profits. In a model extension, we show how a retailer can effectively screen wardrobers from ordinary consumers by offering a menu of price/refund pairs, and that such an approach can lead to increased profits if the extent of wardrobing is sufficiently high. Overall, our findings provide new insights into how retailers can set prices and refund policies to effectively manage opportunistic behavior by consumers.     

试析社会地位在言语行为中的映射

语言是社会的产物,社会又是由处于不同社会地位的人所构成的。日常生活中,由于交流对象所处社会地位的不同,人们所使用的语言也会有所差异。通过运用＂拉氏变异模式＂对处于不同社会地位的人及其言语行为进行了分析,揭示了社会地位和言语行为之间紧密相联、相互影响的关系,为人们在交流中如何更好地运用语言提供了参考。     

Expanding Vocal Requesting Repertoires via Relational Responding in Adults with Severe Developmental Disabilities

The purpose of this project was to demonstrate untrained vocal requests in three adults with severe developmental disabilities. Specifically, we evaluated whether a history of reinforced relational responding would give rise to untrained vocal requests for novel items. Participants were first taught to request preferred items using their category names. They were then taught conditional discriminations between pictures of preferred items that were categorically related. Finally, participants were tested for their abilities to request items that had not been originally presented during request training, using their category names. All participants demonstrated untrained requests, and for some participants, changes in the mand repertoire were accompanied by changes in the tact repertoire. Some participants also showed generalization of skills across settings.     

Risky choice in interpersonal context: Do people dare because they care?

This paper presents an experimental study investigating the interplay of individuals’ other-regarding preferences and individuals’ risk attitude. Participants (N = 120) had to make choices between a certain and risky payoff only for themselves (individual context) and choices in which the participants were paired with another randomly assigned participant who functioned as a passive recipient (interpersonal context). In the interpersonal context the risky option was beneficial for the other person while the certain option was not. Thus, the interpersonal choice context was an abstract representation of the incentive structure in helping situations, which yield risk only for the helper. Risky options in the interpersonal context yielded different payoff distributions, which allowed us to identify how considerations of fairness affect interpersonal risky choices. To assess other-regarding preferences, a dictator game was played. First we found that participants were generally less risk averse in the interpersonal choices; however, the degree of risk aversion was affected by the distribution of payoffs between decider and recipient. Furthermore, we found that changes of risk aversion in an interpersonal context could be predicted with the proposed splits in the dictator game.     

Public Sexual Cultures: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research Investigating Men's Sexual Behaviors with Men in Public Spaces

Resurgent HIV and sexually transmitted infection incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires an urgent re-examination of sexual transmission sites. To these ends, we systematically review qualitative literature concerning men's sexual behaviors within public sex environments (PSEs). Sex, therein, is negotiated by the highly codified, largely nonverbal practice of “cruising.” A generic, shared PSE sexual culture emerges from the literature—across locations, countries, and decades—because of the importance of concealment and common structural constraints on sexual encounters in PSEs. However, differences in local geography and facilities may transform key features of this, resulting in specific, local sexual cultures emerging for each locale. We argue that, although sexual cultures developed to minimize nonsexual cruising risks, they may be exploited to improve contemporary in situ outreach work.     

《反不正当竞争法》适用范围问题的反思

在<反不正当竞争法>适用范围问题上,本文认为,无论是从现实角度,还是从理论层面看,从主体角度界定反不正当竞争适用范围存在着难题,合理的做法是排除主体因素而径直以行为角度确定     

农民消费行为与公共品供给——一个结构化理论的分析视角

运用结构化理论作为分析框架，对公共品供给过程中的农村居民的消费行为进行分析，并以一项不成功的饮用水工程作为例证，从中发现：传统消费心理和消费习惯使得农村居民对于公共品的付费消费持谨慎态度；政府主导的公共品供给往往忽视农村居民的消费意愿；失败的公共品消费经历会降低农村居民再次参与公共品消费的积极性。     

老年人出行选择行为影响因素研究

研究老年人出行选择行为影响因素,有利于提高城市交通系统对老龄化社会的适应性。根据北京市居民出行调查数据,利用非集计理论和方法构建的老年人出行选择行为模型,可从源头上分析影响老年人出行选择行为的个人、家庭社会经济背景等因素,并对老年人出行选择行为进行预测。研究结果表明:性别,年龄,是否持有驾照、月票,家庭月收入,家庭交通工具拥有情况等对老年人出行选择行为有显著影响;利用模型估计得到的参数计算事件发生比,可进一步了解各影响因素对老年人出行选择行为的影响程度。     

中国古代小说“传情为态”的写人技法

中国古代小说善于将人物内在难以捉摸的"情"传示为有迹可寻的"态",在描写情绪发作时,常添加修饰性的伴声体态语,突显人物情绪爆发状态;其次是夸说因情绪波动而造成的生理性条件反射体态;此外还多依据特定的文化规则,来追摄"七情"波动引发的两极性的"笑"貌和"哭"相,这些表情追摄有助于人物的道德增值、悲剧营造、神情传达,并能绘形绘声地给读者以直观感、画面感。